原文视听

And the end of adolescence

青春期的结束时间

has nothing to do with going from 19 to 20

也不一定是19岁和20岁

Increasingly, we have forgotten about this

我们越来越忽视一点

The evidence suggests

有证据显示

that there is no biologic end of adolescence

青春期的结束并不是一个生物学概念

It's a social construct

而是一个社会学概念

It is having a fully adult status

也就是完全具备了成人特质

The anthropologists have actually

人类学家在这个问题上

had some really interesting contribution to this

做了一些有趣的论证

Berry wrote a whole book looking at adolescents

贝利用一整本书

across 107 traditional societies

描述了107个传统社会对青春期的理解

and what he shows is every society recognizes

他写道

adolescence as different than children

所有社会都认为青春期区别于儿童

and not the adult

但又不算成人

but the end of adolescence is being recognized

人们认为青春期的结束

as having full adult roles and responsibilities

应该以完全履行成年人角色和责任为标志

Now in contemporary society

但是在现代社会

when is that?

青春期什么时候结束?

I mean we usually get a laugh

我们经常都会觉得下面这种情况很好笑

because, you know, how many kids

有多少孩子大学毕业后

who graduate from colleges move back with their parents

又搬回去和父母一起住了?

When it is when you get tenure?

是不是到你获得终身教职时才算成年?

I mean this is really interesting question

关于你什么时候才具备了成年人的身份

about when do you fully have adult status

这是一个有趣的问题

Again, we can operationalize these in terms of adult role

我们也可以用成年人的角色这一标准来衡量

but it's a gray area

但这仍是一个灰色地带

and the argument can be made

有很多不同的观点

I made this argument and believe it

我就提出并坚信一个观点

Adolescence has expanded

即青春期被延伸了

Puberty is happening earlier

青春期的开始时间变得更早

and taking on fully adult roles and responsibilities

然后完全承担起成年人的角色和职责

and that can constrain behavior

自身的行为因此受到限制

I think part of the reason that Ronneberg data

我认为罗尼伯格的研究数据

show the sharp drop is

显示了一个极度下降的趋势是因为

once you get a job

一旦你开始工作

we structured environment in certain way

你就受到了这个环境的制约

he got to get up at certain time

他必须每天在固定时间起床

and the responsibilities impose

必须履行身上的职责

I don't think it's biology

我觉得这不是一个生物学的问题

I think it's more social

更多的是一个社会学问题

Now there are, you know, some of the brain development studies

有一些脑部发育的研究证据

people are interested in this

很多人对这些研究都非常感兴趣

but in most studies I have ever seen

但在多数我见过的研究中

young adults look more like adolescents than...

年轻的成年人看起来更像青少年

I mean it's a very gradual shift at the end

我的意思是 这个平移过程是逐渐发生的

and I think the social constraints and responsibilities

我认为社会制约因素和责任

are huge part of this

在中间发挥了重大的作用

And I think that has important implications

而这对我们如何研究青春期

for how we even study adolescence

产生了非常重要的影响

If the nature adolescence itself is boundary on one side by biology

如果青春期的本质一方面是生理上的变化

but on the other side by social context

另一方面又受到社会环境的影响

it forces us to think about the interdisciplinary approach

这就迫使我们不得不采用跨学科的方式

to this interval as a period of development

关注这一特殊的发展阶段

课程简介和演讲视频

课程简介
本套课程讲解了睡眠对健康的多重影响。睡眠不足会改变身体的内分泌系统，打破激素的平衡，扰乱大脑对食物的选择和摄取从而引发肥胖，严重影响胰岛素的平衡进而引发糖尿病。不同年龄段的人群有不同的睡眠需求，一般而言，年轻人的睡眠需求高于老年人，但所有成年人都应保证每天8小时的睡眠时间。

老年人的睡眠时间减少并不是生理变化的自然结果，而是其他疾病造成的影响，衰老本身并不会降低睡眠需求。常见的睡眠障碍包括失眠、睡眠呼吸障碍、四肢不宁综合症、快速眼动期行为失调，患者需要就具体的睡眠障碍咨询专业的睡眠医生，确诊后有针对性的改善睡眠，进而提高整体的健康状况。

不同的睡眠障碍有不同的治疗方式，但认知行为疗法是所有治疗方法的首选，其次是器械治疗、药物治疗以及外科手术治疗。患者应养成良好的睡眠习惯，培养“睡眠卫生习惯”，改善睡眠质量，尽量避免擅自用药和药物滥用。