视听文本

The peasants were starving. The urban workers were hungry.
农民在挨饿，城市工人在挨饿
The intelligentsia resented being held away from public affairs.
知识分子痛恨被排除出公共事务之外
Even the military was angry that they were set up to fail in the Russo-Japanese War.
甚至军方也因为俄日战争中被构陷的失败而心怀不满
Isolated protests changed into widespread revolution.
孤立的抗议演变成大规模的革命
Workers and intelligentsia marched in the cities.
工人和知识分子在城市中游行在农村地区
In the rural districts, the peasants kept burning manors and lynching nobleman.
农民一直在烧毁庄园，对贵族动用私刑
In St. Petersburg, an organization called the Soviet, or Council, or Union, sprang up and claimed power.
在圣彼得堡，一个叫做苏维埃，或议会，或联合体的组织迅速崛起，并且要求获得权力
And Nicholas the Second was in a tight spot.
尼古拉二世处境堪忧

Since not even Alexandra could devise a way to bring back autocratic power,
因为即使亚历山德拉也想不出能够重新获得独裁权力的办法
he was forced to hold his nose and permit a limited parliamentary democracy.
他不得不被迫同意实行有限的议会制民主制
The new parliamentary assembly called the Duma was intended by Nicholas only to rubber stamp his personal decisions.
新的立宪议会被称作杜马，尼古拉对它的希望是例行公事地批准
Thrilled to get to take part in government at last, the intelligentsia formed political parties and decided whether to cooperate with the Duma or not.
他个人的决定，对终于能够参加政府事务感到激动不已的知识分子形成了各种政党考虑究竟要不要跟杜马合作
Meanwhile, Nicholas had found the strong right-hand man he'd always wanted,
与此同时，尼古拉找到了一个他一直想要的得力助手
Peter Stolypin, an individual so self-confident that the revolutionaries immediately tried to blow him up.
彼得·斯托雷平，一个自信满满的人，革命者立即决定要把他炸死
In response, Stolypin sent squadrons of soldiers into the countryside.
作为回应，斯托雷平把各队士兵派到了乡下

视频及简介

课程介绍:

简述各小节内容，亚历山大二世的统治，尼古拉二世的统治，俄国参加一战及其影响，结语。

原声视频：