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The Red Army soldiers knew their positions were what Lenin said they were
红军战士知道，列宁说什么就是他们的立场
and they did as their supreme military commander, Lev Trotsky, ordered them.
他们的最高军事指挥官列夫·托洛茨基命令他们做什么，他们就做什么
In Summer, 1918, Trotsky conscripted all men between 18 and 40 and pressed ex-Tsarist officers into service as military specialists.
1918年夏，托洛茨基征召所有18至40岁的男性入伍，并强迫前沙皇军官担任军事专家的职位
Because Trotsky himself had no military experience the actual fighting was directed by his lieutenants.
因为托洛茨基他自己并没有任何军事经验，在实际打仗中都是由他的中尉进行指挥
But nobody questioned that Trotsky was the key to the Red Army's ultimate success.
但是从没有人质疑过托洛茨基是红军最终取得胜利的关键所在
By the end of the civil wars Trotsky's Red Army was 5 million men strong.
在内战尾声的时候，托洛茨基的红军已经强大到有500万人

The precise details of these uncivilized wars don't concern us here.
这些野蛮战争的详细细节在这里我们不需过多关注
They are more important for their magnitude and for their savagery.
它们的规模大小和野蛮程度是更为重要的方面
Both Reds and Whites were alike, were routinely guilty of terrible atrocities.
红军和白军十分相像，都不时地犯下可怕的暴行
Sometimes a city of a location changed hands several times during the wars and suffered accordingly.
有时候同一座城市在战争期间在双方之间数次转手备受蹂躏
For example, Kiev, cradle of the Rus civilization, had been a part of the Russian empire since the 1654 treaty of Pereyaslav.
举例来说，基辅，俄罗斯文明的摇篮，自1654年《佩列亚斯拉夫和约》以来就是俄罗斯帝国的一部分
After the February revolution Ukraine became one of the German buffer states.
二月革命后，乌克兰变成了德国的一个缓冲国
After the Bolshevik revolution the Ukrainians happily established their own national republic.
在布尔什维克革命之后，乌克兰人高兴地成立了自己民族的共和国

视频及简介

课程介绍:

此课程介绍了十月革命前的苏联。

原声视频：