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Their flaws and their personalities set off the virtues of the Principate which followed.

这三头的缺陷和个性衬托了后来的元首制的优点，

Their personal interactions of wealthy and influential Romans,

富裕并且有影响力的罗马人之间的私人行为，

even on the family level, could cause political shock waves.

甚至是家庭事件都能导致政治上的轩然大波。

For instance, Pompey was the very loving husband of Caesar's daughter Julia.

举个例子，庞培是凯撒之女茱莉亚的丈夫，

The marriage was arranged as part of the First Triumvirate

这桩婚姻是作为前三头同盟的一部分被安排的，

but when she giving birth to a stillborn child her untimely death helped lead to a split between Pompey and Caesar.

但是茱莉亚产下死婴而亡，促成了庞培和凯撒的决裂，

When stuff like this affects public policy,

如果这样的事情都能影响公共政策，

when stuff like this affects the state's security, democracy is definitely broken.

都能影响国家安全，民主当然已被破坏。

And here are here's a laundry list of the external signs of a broken government,

这是一份单子，列出了种种政府分裂的外部征兆，

which you can use as you will on an essay exam.

你们可以在考试中用到考试的形式是写作，

I don't know how much more blatant I can be.

我觉得我已经不能说的更明显了

One. The old Cursus Honorum was great for running a large city-state, as Rome once was.

1:先前的光荣晋升体系对于管理一个大城邦很有效，罗马就曾是一个大城邦，

It was great for running a small empire, which Rome once was.

对于管理一个小面积帝国也很有效，罗马也曾经是个小帝国，

It was not a good way of administering the entire Mediterranean world.

但是对于管理整个地中海世界光荣晋升体系不再是个好方法，

The flexibility Rome had demonstrated during the Conflict Of The Orders was sadly lacking.

很不幸它不具备罗马在秩序冲突期间体现出的灵活性。

Two. The Small Farmer Class, backbone of the Roman state and the Roman volunteer army,

2: 小农民阶层曾是罗马城邦和罗马志愿军的最主要组成部分，

had either been killed off during centuries of warfare or put out of business by the latifundia.

在几世纪的战争中他们不是被杀害就是被大庄园逼迫而破产，

The result was the growth of an Urban Mob at Rome.

结果是罗马成长起来了一批城市暴民。

Three. The penalty for attempting to restore the Small Farmer Class was death,

3:试图恢复小农民阶层的惩罚是掉脑袋，

as the Gracchi found out in the second century BC.

格拉古兄弟在公元前二世纪见识了这一点。

Four. As the poor grew poorer and more numerous,

4: 随着穷人越来越穷并且越来越多，

the already wealthy grew wealthier due to military commands, political considerations,

本来富裕的阶层由于对军事的控制，政治考虑，

and control of the Ager Publicus captured in the wars.

还有对在战争中获得的公有土地的控制变得更加富裕。

Six. The downfall of the Small Farmer Class made it necessary for Roman military to recruit soldiers from the Urban Mob

6:小农民阶层衰落使得罗马军队需要从城市暴民中征兵

and to pay for their training and upkeep, and this led to the rise of client armies.

并支付对他们的训练和维护，这导致了职业军队的产生。

Seven. There was no consistent policy for assimilating conquered Italian cities.

7: 对于如何吸纳攻克了的意大利城市没有统一政策。

视频及简介

课程介绍:
本课程对罗马帝国和前苏联的兴衰进行回顾，探讨它们历史变迁的内在规律，并将现代的超级大国——美国与它们进行比较，从而作出对未来可能的一些预测。

原声视频：