视听文本

In 1560, Ivan's beloved wife Anastasia Romanovna passed away.
1560年伊凡深爱的妻子安塔西亚去世。
Ivan convinced himself that the Boyars had poisoned her just like they had poisoned his mother.
伊凡自己认为是波雅尔毒死了她，就像他们毒死了他的母亲一样。
Ivan began to torture and execute the Boyars.
伊凡开始折磨并处死波雅尔人。
Even some of his own closest advisors came under suspicion.
甚至他自己最近的亲信都遭受怀疑。
In the early winter of 1565, Ivan crossed the line into madness.
1565年早冬，伊凡最终疯了。
He suddenly left Moscow and announced that he was abdicating or giving up the throne.
他突然离开莫斯科，宣布退位。

Since the masses wanted Ivan to remain as Tsar, and the Boyars were afraid to get in the way,
因为民众还是希望伊凡继续做沙皇，波雅尔害怕成为障碍，
Ivan agreed that he would continue to be Tsar provided that he, Ivan, could reform the Russian state as he pleased.
伊凡同意继续做沙皇，条件是他可以随心对俄国进行改革。
Ivan's instrument of reform was Russia's first secret police organization, the Oprichniks.
伊凡的改革工具就是俄罗斯第一个秘密警察机构——奥普里奇尼克斯。
Recruited from Ivan's followers and other hardened criminals,
这个机构的人从伊凡的随从和其他冷酷的罪犯挑选出来的，
The Oprichniks roamed Russia on horseback, wearing black robes, carrying their unique emblems, a broom and the head of a dead dog.
这些秘密警察骑着马巡视，身穿黑色长袍，佩戴特有的徽章一把扫帚和死狗的狗头。
Any disloyalty to Ivan, real or imagined, was punished by death.
只要对伊凡不忠，无论是真还是假都要处死。

视频及简介

课程介绍:

本集讲解了：莫斯科大公国成为俄罗斯帝国、征集土地、伊凡雷帝统治时期、全篇总结俄罗斯成功的要素，详细说明波雅儿发展的来龙去脉。

原声视频：