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The result was a period of aggressive imperialism and preemptive strikes, which led to the destruction of Carthage and Corinth in one forty six BC.

结果就是一段时期激进的帝国主义以及先发制人的打击，最后在公元前146年摧毁了迦太基和科林斯

Two. Don't you need somebody to hate?

第二点，你是否需要一些憎恨的对象?

Some nations function best when they are angry.

一些国家运行良好，因为他们满腹怒气

The Roman historian Sallust pointed this out as early as the 1st century BC with his theory of the metus hostilisor foreign fear.

罗马历史学家塞勒斯特提出这一点，早在公元前一世纪他就提出了外国恐惧的理论

He observed that the metus hostilis,

他发现，对外国的恐惧

the fear of foreigners, was able to enabled ambitious generals to raise client armies

对外国人的担心可以让有雄心壮志的将领组织军队

and threaten the state. The justified fear Romans felt at hearing the words Hannibal ad portas was channeled into Cato the Elder's obsessive repetition of the word

对其他国家造成危险，罗马也有那样的恐惧。当他们听到，汉尼拔打上门来时，那最后也就变成了老加图，一次次重复

that Carthage had to be destroyed,Karthago delendaest. Although Carthage was virtually harmless

迦太基应该被摧毁，尽管实际上迦太基不会造成任何危害

from a military standpoint, a war was provoked

从军事角度来讲是这样，挑起战争

and Carthage was duly destroyed in one forty six BC.

迦太基在公元前146年被摧毁

According to Sallust,

据塞勒斯特说

who had himself once been thrashed in public by the husband of a woman he was horsing around with, the Romans became weak and morally flabby once thismetus hostilisor fear of foreigners had been eradicated.

他曾经在公众面前被重创，他调戏过的女人的丈夫打了他，罗马变得虚弱不堪，道德也不再。原来，这种对外国人的恐惧，已经被彻底消除了

Three. The Great National Gut-Check.

第三，仔细研究伟大的国家

Rome had been sorely tested, but had proven worthy.

罗马曾受到检验，但这是有意义的

The fact that the Romans had actually

事实是，罗马人们实际上已经

out-gutted Hannibal after he invaded Italy

因为汉尼拔胆颤心惊，他侵略了意大利

filled them with confidence that

他充满了信心

they could handle anything.

他们无所不能

They never forgot the battle of Cannae

他们一直都没有忘记坎尼会战

in two sixteen BC, in which Hannibal destroyed their Roman forces. If anything,

那是在公元前216年，那时汉尼拔摧毁了罗马的军事力量

they placed the battle of Cannae on a pedestal and tried to use Hannibal's tactics against their own enemies every chance they got,

他们在坎尼会战中，就是利用了汉尼拔的策略，他们一旦有机会就反抗敌人

as did generals for millennia afterward.

和几千年之后的将领们一样

Rome did not enter either of the Punic Wars in order to become the most important power the Mediterranean. As far as the Romans could tell, the Punic wars just happened.

罗马参与到布匿战争中，不是为了成为地中海强权。罗马人还能记得布匿战争就这样发生了

Notice, too, that for all the honor Scipio Africanus won and rightly so, for invading Africa and taking the fight to Carthage, thereby ending the second Punic War,

请注意，这都是为了向大西庇阿致敬，他侵略了非洲，也开始了与迦太基的大战，就这样结束了第二次布匿战争

Fabius Maximus the Delayer got even more credit for managing to buy Rome time.

喜欢拖延的马克西姆斯得到更多荣誉，因为他为罗马赢利了时间

Scipio had flaunted the mos maiorum because he had been elected consul before he was old enough to run for election, and that was something that the mos maiorum just didn't encourage.

西庇阿炫耀古老的传统，因为他被选为罗马执政官，而那时他还未到选举要求的年龄，那也就是在古老传统中不受鼓励的地方

视频及简介

课程介绍:
本课程对罗马帝国和前苏联的兴衰进行回顾，探讨它们历史变迁的内在规律，并将现代的超级大国——美国与它们进行比较，从而作出对未来可能的一些预测。

原声视频：