视听文本

Whoever yelled the loudest, controlled the most armed supported, or had the most willpower usually won.
谁喊得最响亮，控制最多的武装支持或是意志最坚定就通常会赢
Gradually the Bolsheviks took the lead in all three categories.
渐渐地布尔什维克在这三方面都占据领先
Meanwhile the First World War continued to proceed disastrously sucking away desperately needed manpower and resources for no good reason.
与此同时，一战继续进行毫无理由地吸走所亟需的人力和资源
The Petrograd Soviets Order Number one which set up soldiers councils in every unit
彼得格勒苏维埃一号法令主张在每个单元成立士兵委员会
and called for the election of officers hardly helped military effectiveness.
要求选举军官，这几乎对提高军事效率无益
The Bolsheviks went the Soviets one better.
布尔什维克使苏维埃发展的更好
They called for unconditional peace with the central powers of Germany and Austria,
他们呼吁无条件和平，停止对同盟国德国和奥地利的作战

that is peace without annexation or payments without reparations.
这种和平不以兼并或支付为条件，不要求赔款
Meanwhile the allies wanted the provisional government to continue Russia's role in the war against the central powers.
与此同时，协约国希望临时政府能继续让俄国参与到对抗同盟国的战争中
Though the Russians were losing the war
尽管俄国人输了战争
they were still tying down German and Austrian troops who would otherwise fight the allies on the western front.
他们仍然起着压制德国和奥地利军队的作用，否则协约国的西方战线将会受到攻打
That summer Alexander Kerensky, now the Minister of War, unleashed an offensive against the Austrians on the Eastern front.
那年夏天，亚历山大·克伦斯基，现任的军事部长，在东战线对奥地利军队发动了攻击
The so-called Kerensky offensive was successful at first,
也就是后来的“克伦斯基进攻”在它开始时一切都很成功
but it ground to a halt as soon as German troops were transferred from the West to stabilize the front.
但随着德军从西部转移过来，以稳定前线，攻击便陷于了停顿

视频及简介

课程介绍:

此课程介绍了十月革命前的苏联。

原声视频：