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By 1236 Batu's forces reached the Volga river.
1236年拔都的军队到达了伏尔加河。
By late 1237 Batu began picking off one by one of the big cities of Kiev and Russ.
到1237年底拔都开始一个一个拿下基辅和俄罗斯的大城市。
Moscow was sacked and burned in January 1238.
莫斯科在1238年一月被洗劫烧毁。
The capital of city of Vladimir was captured and burned to the ground in February.
首都弗拉迪米尔也被占领，在二月被夷为平地。
Kiev finally fell by storm in 1240.
基辅最终在1240暴风般陷。
The only major city to avoid the doom, despair and agony of Mongol conquest was Great Novgorod.
唯一一个避免由蒙古征服带来的厄运、绝望和痛苦的大城市是诺夫哥罗德公国,
Which was further North West than the Mongols cared to travel.
因为它更靠西北部，是蒙古人不感兴趣的地方。

The Mongols preferred traveling West overrunning Poland and Hungary.
蒙古人更愿意向西征战，入侵波兰和匈牙利。
In 1241 Batu was planning attacks on Austria, Germany and Italy
1241年拔都计划袭击奥地利、德国和意大利
when he was called home to participate in electing a successor for Ogodai Khan.
那时他却被召回参加角逐窝阔台的继承人。
By 1242 The Golden Hoard's Age of Conquest was fortunately for Western Civilization finished once and for all.
1242年金帐汗国的征战时代最终结束了，这对西方文明来说真是一大利好消息。
Yet the Golden Horde or the Kipchuks as they were also known were not interested in occupying and ruling the new conquests.
然而金帐汗国或是察合台都对占领和治理新的征服地不感兴趣。
Blood thirsty as they had been during war time, they pursued a hands off policy after.
他们在战争中很残忍，征服之后，他们对征服地实行不干涉政策。
The Russ Princes were allowed to rule their own individual Russ cities more or less as they pleased.
所以俄罗斯大公多多少少是按自己的意愿管理自己的城市。

视频及简介

课程介绍:

本集介绍如下内容：俄罗斯民族的起源、斯拉夫文化对俄罗斯的影响、俄罗斯的成长之路弗拉基米尔如何确定东正教为国教、俄国农民在各个方面的不公、蒙古统治的特点、教堂对俄国语言，民族团结发挥了重要作用。

原声视频：