视听文本

The optimates, for their part, tended to be the

对于贵人派，他们大多是

members of great noble families from days gone

过去的大贵族成员

by and tended to make noises about preserving

并倾向于维持

the glorious mos maiorum.

光荣的祖制统治

As for the masses themselves, they seemed to see

对于大众而言，他们似乎

politics more as entertainment than anything else.

只把政治看作娱乐

Their votes were less important, by tradition,

传统上，他们的投票相对于那些富人而言

than those of the wealthy, but they genuinely

不太重要，但是他们真正地享受

enjoyed the drama of the annual political campaigns

每年的政治竞选戏码

and the stray handouts they got at election time.

以及在竞选时期得到的宣传册

The tribunes, who were supposedly protectors of

护民官本应该是人民的保护者

the People and had the power to veto anything

有权利否决任何可能给

which might endanger the people, were usually

人民带来危险的事

bought and paid for by one or the other faction

他们常常被某个派别收买，立场中立

and neutralized. In the one thirties and the

在公元前130多年和120多年

one twenties BC, the brothers Tiberius and

提比略格拉古和盖约格拉古兄弟

Gaius Gracchus used the power of the tribuneship

把护民官的权利发挥到极致

to its utmost. They tried to help the dispossessed

他们尝试帮助失去产业的小农

small farmers and other urban riff-raff.

和其他城市底层人民

They were both of the very noblest blood, their

他们都是正统贵族的血统

mother Cornelia was a patrician, the daughter of

他们的母亲科妮莉亚是一个贵族

Scipio Africanus. But they realized something

是大西庇阿家族的女儿，但他们意识到

had to be done. Elected tribune for one thirty three BC,

有些事需要做，在公元前133年当选的护民官

Tiberius Gracchus tried to bolster the citizen military

提比略格拉古尝试支持公民军队

by taking ager publicus from the wealthy and

把公地从富人那里夺走

giving it to the landless poor. This was of course

分发给没有土地的穷人

interpreted as trying to buildup a clientele.

这当然被理解为想要培养追随者

When Tiberius stepped down from his second

当提比略第二任护民官任期结束

tribunate, right at the beginning of one thirty one,

在131年年初

the optimates raised up a mob and had him killed.

贵族派发动暴乱，把他杀害了

Elected tribune a decade later, Gaius Gracchus

盖约格拉古在十年后当选护民官

took up his brother's program along with a

他继续他哥哥的事业

program allowing citizenship for all of Rome's

并准许罗马的意大利同盟成为公民

Italian allies. While both of these initiatives were

这两项都是值得赞赏甚至是

laudable and even necessary, the aristocracy,

必须的

the optimates, played on fears again of the

但贵族，贵族派再次害怕格拉古

Gracchi violating the mos maiorum trying to

侵犯了祖制，想要

make themselves king of a personal clientele.

成为他追随者的国王

Like his brother before him Gaius was murdered

就像他哥哥一样，盖约也被贵族派的暴乱

by optimate mobs in one twenty one BC.

谋杀与公元前121年

The aristocratic optimates had gained the upper

贵族的贵族派占据了改革派的上风

hand over the reformers, and ambitious tributes

有野心的护民官

thought twice before messing with the establishment.

也不敢轻举妄动

But this was only for the time being though. Something

但这只是暂时的

would have to give, and within fifteen years it did.

有一些是需要付出的，这在15年以内会发生

Segment nine D: The Rise of Militarism.

第九节 D 军国主义的抬头

The Roman way of war changed right along with

罗马战争的方式随着罗马社会的改变改变着

Roman society. No longer could Romans drop the

罗马人无法在春耕以后放下犁

plow after the spring planting, fight all summer long,

整个夏天作战

and then come back home in time for the harvest.

然后在收获的季节回到家

More and more, Rome's wars took place over the

更多的是，罗马的战争蔓延到

seas and far away, forcing Roman soldiers to fight

海上或者更远的地方，强迫罗马战士

for extended periods of time without any chance

花更长的时间战斗，没有机会回家

of coming home, unless they were lucky enough to

除非他们足够幸运在战争中幸存

survive the war. Because the Roman citizens could

因为罗马公民在这种情况下

hardly support themselves under such conditions,

无法支撑他们自己

the state instituted a salarium, or stipend given to

国家发薪水或者津贴来购买

buy important things like food, weapons, clothing,

重要的东西，例如食物，武器，衣服

and especially salt. That said, a Roman soldier was

特别是还有盐，所以说，相比能变得富有

more likely to get killed than he was to get wealthy.

一个罗马战士更容易被杀

视频及简介

课程介绍:
本课程对罗马帝国和前苏联的兴衰进行回顾，探讨它们历史变迁的内在规律，并将现代的超级大国——美国与它们进行比较，从而作出对未来可能的一些预测。

原声视频：