犬类拥有复杂的遗传进化史
日期:2022-02-25 10:00

(单词翻译:单击)

S=Zx24DljBaw6pJzHqk6w)n&%

听力文本

lBq;sQS@N@]TDC_bgbAZ

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Eliene Augenbraun.

,7^4DVrpGnK;OIqk

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列,我是埃琳·奥根布朗wnw;~CYg-W*lbEI[PbNa

9*.1HCCANSL5

Dogs were the first animals to be domesticated.

c3E,7;UxmgV*ep

狗是最早被驯养的动物Nm8=M(QljJRH|P

EJMNxLN=47vRZ;

And they stuck with us as we changed lifestyles from hunting/gathering to farming to city living.

daYS9%P@i].+ZdiaR

当我们的生活方式从狩猎/采集到农耕再到城市生活时,它们一直跟着我们zuEt7sOh&c9Co

Wlgo(bs=H1UFV(PAGX

“The dog is a species that is intimately linked to human history.”

bGD4Fw@TP+ry

“狗是一个与人类历史密切相关的物种NXq)^lBT_W+BuAy1Y。”

MO-A~nwon7#.-yzBc

Anders Bergstrom, a postdoc at the Francis Crick Institute in London.

MTdQeKz*fseN,!i+h

安德斯·伯格斯特罗姆是伦敦弗朗西斯·克里克研究所的博士后vihBK^Tx,![mDD1#s^6

hNnEU8DPF+7SNTr!pGrY

He and his colleagues studied the genomes of 27 ancient dog bones dug up around the world.

H8Jb7qt1IshcPV

他和他的同事研究了在世界各地挖掘的27块古代狗骨头的基因组F;Hyz_)*_OVn*_ZxXz

WfBi9I]WhjDGZ^lassT

They found that by 11,000 years ago ...

y.*yHgQT&sGJH;@

他们发现,在11000年前……

GUtX+*kTSF#2(CFnC

“We see that the dog started to diversify genetically.

V.KsTwUf|icY(

“我们发现狗开始在基因上多样化WhV.Ue.EG^JrqH(Z|~O

ziws6Q3Yb^Z.olm~P

So we find evidence of at least five major lineages of dogs already at this time.”

~frzM2OJj!n9AXq&6wC9

我们在这一时期已经发现了至少5种主要犬类谱系的证据TiF;7xXDbcp(t1*5f*。”

O+)Oib],~[Y

Dog remains have been found in Europe, Asia and the Americas in a pattern similar to how humans moved and mixed.

hdJi@9CJwK.0]^fnony+

在欧洲、亚洲和美洲发现了狗的遗骸,其模式与人类的迁徙和融合方式相似WS04.R]ZNSuysN+p

oHzzzygpdcGr

“To a large degree, the history of dogs seems to have been shaped by human history—so likely reflecting how, when humans moved, they would have brought their dogs with them.”

Z0%hSg@SpTDE;@!vV

“在很大程度上,狗的历史似乎受到了人类历史的影响——这很可能反映了人类在移动时是如何带着他们的狗的r4dDfCrJDfOS3euVn。”

Tjz0S*p;2CEtejC.Bbfj

Ancient humans clearly found dogs to be very useful.

E+n.[6!m!~|1f6S4vQ

古人类显然发现狗非常有用V=pAI,%|qx[P8i

(ax4t[3%3h

“In the Arctic, there’s evidence that sled dogs actually emerged very early, and people used them for the particular purpose of sledding, perhaps as early as 10,000 years ago.”

&W;aV(fCa;

“在北极,有证据表明,雪橇狗实际上很早就出现了,人们可能早在1万年前就将它们用于滑雪橇的特殊目的kW(X4ygi3(lhj|FRR。”

8;ydPBImFxw+

A few modern breeds—like the African basenji, New Guinea singing dog or Australian dingo—are similar to one of the five ancient lineages.

~%DL*VPTxN#9B.

一些现代品种——如非洲巴仙吉犬、新几内亚歌唱犬或澳大利亚野犬——与五种犬类谱系之一相似|9.-_|lq&]y6JS

M|#T-h*KTw&e#i9k

Most other modern breeds derive at least in part from European dogs, which came to dominate dog genomes.

+YK~zgA&#k=lkG*hqHbI

大多数现代犬类品种至少部分源自欧洲犬类,欧洲犬类在犬类基因组中占主导地位yv^&L5)Ap7UlMr+3o2

Wh~IwK!F^~yJrf

“If you go back 4,000 or 5,000 years ago, there’s a great diversity of dogs in Europe.

HQ^q]!LcoztP;Ferhv9~

“如果你回到4000或5000年前,欧洲的犬类纷杂,具有多样性j-;El%vT)=

THoEoX5P_4cJ)DBQ6N

But at some point, there was probably a single population that expanded and basically replaced other populations in Europe.

E;LBCZ#Ub_B+L,i7m=a_

但在某个时刻,可能只有一个种群在扩张,基本上取代了欧洲的其他种群RtXCgpG7Z&dA8

d5x3H(TNCO8zgJ_=tN7

This was something that we did not predict and you couldn’t really see just from studying archaeology.

51*3i+pd5h2h

这是我们没有预料到的,仅仅通过研究考古学是无法看到的!2!63#p;~#iKf]Aaj9

zk%o+x~IFgY59

But when we look at the DNA, we see that there’s all this diversity in the past that is not represented in present-day dogs.”

xV~TZ!G@.A8dEpfWM

但当我们观察DNA时,我们发现过去的所有这些多样性都没有在今天的狗身上体现出来|KUl8!2+-B2Uj4B。”

|x_)%Tyq)cv;^#TM

The study is in the journal Science, where you’ll find maps of dog migrations over time.

yt.gtAoG=OVRhqN

这项研究发表在《科学》杂志上,你可以在杂志上找到狗的迁徙地图6kO42ylMNd3Xw

jDz_]Z!5aZ)+yCw&

One odd finding: about 11,000 years ago, it looks like dogs spread more widely than humans did.

v4e&sV!|wyeX3@|Gh(y

一个奇怪的发现是:大约11000年前,狗的分布似乎比人类更广泛htV_P#UQXO9

QC8vs2#%xQP#T%Q3Fx,_

“That’s actually a process we don’t really understand.

dP(=Lvdz#a6liBNkkxR

“这实际上是一个我们并不真正了解的过程ps@~R(2l]4TcPmqS1W

4BK*9MtFLlrY[gUCM*_

So how could the dog spread so quickly and widely?

,,RgzlATT9KWKb

那么,狗是如何传播得如此迅速和广泛的呢?

SX+eoeF46WXHoLzU

We’re not aware of any human migrations at this time that could have facilitated the spread of the dog.

xs~&NhGmp8.[iJI=

目前我们还没有发现这个时期的任何人类迁徙可能会促进狗的扩张h6FaVo%r3zA!Y@JFAy

WkRioX=3kkNU=d8

But somehow it spreads very quickly to human groups all across the world, perhaps because it was a very useful thing for these early human hunter-gatherer groups.”

+-[aBdAIcq!V)

但狗以某种方式迅速扩张到世界各地的人类群落,可能是因为它对这些早期人类狩猎-采集群落非常有用VpKvCgS@(SFS[Kd。”

eL;&%mJ~o%1]E=5Mi

Humans were also useful to dogs.

H00.mJHy)paY2pq.bblV

人类对狗也很有用mC&NEl5m1*

JG]B2*GN7FbfOaCdS[3

Prehistoric Petcos didn’t exist, so dogs probably ate what humans did.

2!.q9.Cjlea%U2mV(#p-

史前的宠物狗并不存在,所以狗可能吃的和人类一样Gnj4.JOu2%4%TWpsN[F

Ba_MM6kD9iE[h

And as humans started to farm, both species quickly adapted to digest more grains.

,hohCCrndtJ)itedRQn

随着人类开始农耕,这两个物种很快就适应了消化更多的谷物c,A~DW%ZXSKj=%n-

i[QCtYV(P+UNa,^M

The number of copies of a starch-digesting gene in both humans and dogs increased in the generations following the invention of agriculture.

c)OGzDY#R]Aof2

在农业发明后的几代中,人类和狗的淀粉消化基因拷贝数都在增加]owWsgw5FZRwll

6R.zvUn2N;OX|zq

“Yeah, so that’s a very striking example of convergent evolution between humans and dogs.

Mg20QE(zc~[A=]

“是的,这是人类和狗之间趋同进化的一个非常显著的例子jWoWz0Bc!3wX*TR

2I=A-PY=iWK|S1m6NC7W

In a way, it’s kind of interesting to think of the dog as a kind of an evolutionary experiment that runs alongside human history and undergoes the same lifestyle changes that we do.”

KKIWqycmq0n

在某种程度上,把狗看作是一种进化实验,它与人类历史相伴,经历着与我们一样的生活方式改变,这是一种有趣的想法L|Noo%VtpA1V。”

6Y#UCZ+ep[&pc]_P;PY

For Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Eliene Augenbraun.

gnkGWx@3G7]M%Um

感谢收听科学美国人——60秒科学mk=.JRyT0LAc;d.R^。我是埃琳·奥根布朗i!^H7Piz-SzQ

zgBZ7o6jf,)dN

文章为可可英语翻译,未经授权请勿转载!

V]pVA;007UKiSYV#]=qNt0Q[fHC1iZ8(P4fjxo)nExZEPF@o
分享到