经济学人:根瘤蚜虫(2)
日期:2020-07-10 16:58

(单词翻译:单击)

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中英文本

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If correct, says Francois Delmotte, who works at INRAE's campus in Bordeaux
Francois Delmotte在INRAE位于波尔多的营地工作,也是该项目的领导之一,
and is one of the project's leaders, the finding fits with certain historical facts.
他表示,如果是这样,那么该发现和某些历史事实相吻合S;bQ[P|#eLA24#I68
Though the Mississippi valley was annexed from France by Britain and Spain in the mid-18th century, and passed eventually to the United States,
虽然,在18世纪中期,英国和西班牙从法国那里吞并了密西西比河谷,并最终转让给了美国,
many French settlers remained in the area and France retained trading links, particularly with New Orleans, for a long time.
但很多法国移民仍留在这个地区,法国在很长一段时间内保持着贸易联系,尤其是与新奥尔良的贸易bc79b0fT%w
Dr Delmotte says it would not be surprising if, in the 19th-century age of steamships and naturalists,
Delmotte博士表示,如果是在19世纪蒸汽船和自然法学派时代,河岸葡萄被保存在凉爽干燥的容器中,
phylloxera survived on cuttings of V. riparia stored in a cool, dry hold to be brought to a botanical garden in France.
然后被带到法国的植物园中,根瘤蚜虫能够在这些河岸葡萄的切口处存活下来,这并不奇怪K6WHgty&pi
Or, even more ironically, that it was imported with vines destined to cure their French cousins of an earlier imported blight—powdery mildew.
更具讽刺的是,它是与葡萄藤一起进口的,这些葡萄藤是要用来治疗它们法国表亲的白粉病]T3=CL1KQc
The genetic diversity of European phylloxera is limited compared with that of its North American counterpart, says Dr Rispe.
和北美同类相比,欧洲根瘤蚜虫基因的多样性是有限的,Rispe博士说到Wk(^zHQ&Lh]oZ9Rd=
That points to there having been only one or two introductions, with subsequent diffusion of the pest by people and their agricultural machines.
这表明,这种害虫只被引入一次或两次,随后由于人类和他们的农业机械而扩散开来v|(5,#HJ%8f|%]hSXRgt
However, another of the paper's authors, Astrid Forneck of the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna,
但该论文的另一位作者,维也纳自然资源和生命科学大学的Astrid Forneck表示,

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根瘤蚜虫(2)

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says it remains a possibility that a separate introduction infested eastern Europe,
仍有可能是另一次引入让这种害虫在东欧大量滋生,
perhaps via the Austro-Hungarian empire's experimental vineyards at Klosterneuburg.
或许是通过奥匈帝国在克洛斯特新堡的试验性葡萄园@Lv8qEYDzW(vK+u
In America phylloxera attacks wild vines' leaves. It stimulates them to create galls in which it can live and feed,
在美国,根瘤蚜虫袭击葡萄藤的叶子A+eI0bs2t2Y2i9。它刺激叶子产生虫瘿,以便它们生存和进食,
but which, from the plant's point of view, serve to isolate the problem. When it attacks cultivated vines, though, it goes for the roots.
但从植物的角度来看,这有助于区分看待这个问题2T]91v*D^JshalL。虽然当它攻击种植葡萄藤时,它会攻击根部WFTlO%NPePtf(CV
These root galls open a plant to infection by bacteria and fungi, leading to its death.
这些根部的虫瘿让植物遭受细菌和真菌的感染,导致它的死亡cM,c,&P#v,1FkL.|7Th
For a long time, researchers hunted for a single molecule, produced by the insect, that stimulated the growth of galls.
很长一段时间以来,研究人员都在寻找昆虫产生的一种刺激虫瘿增长的单分子D^qSBU(pdJfpbeB01
Blocking the action of this, they hoped, would phylloxera-proof all vines. But here the sequencing project produced a disappointment.
他们希望,阻止这一行为可以防止所有的葡萄藤出现根瘤蚜虫+v7+]qF]nMK。但基因排序项目的结果令人失望n5rOW@pL9Cao!mC
There is no such molecule. The researchers identified many genes—2,300 of them, more than a tenth of the insect's genome—
不存在这种分子vCrp(xjZXYR1。研究人员发现了很多基因——2300个,超过这种昆虫基因组的十分之一——
that encode proteins which it secretes while feeding on the vine. These enable it to evade the plant's immune system while diverting resources from its host.
基因编码蛋白质,这些蛋白质是它以藤本植物为食时分泌的hFPl*k,PJJY2U。这使它能够避开植物的免疫系统,同时从它的宿主转移资源@|E3s;tR^~
The work now begins of teasing out what each of those genes does, and, ultimately, how phylloxera manipulates a plant and adapts to a new host.
现在的工作是弄清楚每个基因的作用是什么,以及根瘤蚜虫最终如何操控植物并适应新的宿主LDPiE;z1MV*&UCwkhx-
This information may in turn generate new weapons against the creature.
这些信息可能反过来会生成对付该生物的新武器g]YijVL]Hs@9
That could be valuable in parts of viticulture's New World, such as Australia, where vines remain ungrafted and phylloxera is still a problem.
这在葡萄栽植新世界的部分地区可能很有价值,比如澳大利亚,在这些地方,葡萄藤仍是非嫁接的,并且根瘤蚜虫仍是一个问题xqpu~p;Cc%dPgx&Os7%
It might also help if the insect ever evolves the ability to evade the natural resistance of American vine roots
如果这种昆虫进化出了避开美国藤本植物根系的自然抗性的能力,这也可能会有所帮助%4DGPu4;dc#K
that currently stands between European growers and disaster. For Dr Forneck, this prospect is not outlandish.
目前这种自然抗性时欧洲种植者和灾难之间的屏障0=jy+WLX)h-n5IQ。对于Forneck博士,这种预期并不奇怪t[-xtB3YE.]
The insect is already adapting to a warmer world, and shifting its range. Further shifts in its physiology are perfectly possible.
这种昆虫已经适应了更温暖的环境,并改变了它的活动范围#C0_ytrr7_5|a.jeI。进一步的生理变化是完全可能的p_~kpaVr(fr~&aj|4Rq

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词语解释

1.retain 保留
The dishes retain the original flavor of seafood.
菜品保留了海鲜最原始的鲜味@s*ah3C;)Nh
2.diversity 多样性
Fungal diversity did not correspond with bacterial diversity.
真菌的多样性与细菌的多样性并不一致Q(c1&Io[[V+DoE=g,dr
3.subsequent 随后的
She testified she did not remember the subsequent crash.
她在庭上表示她不记得之后发生的撞车事故Gf]XiuV8;_+N!6OOO_
4.hunt for 寻找
The lion was hunting for its prey.
狮子在寻找猎物EOy,+_+0[8BRNQJ

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