(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
Welcome back to Words to the Wise. I'm Caty Weaver. Bryan Lynn is in the studio with me. Hi Bryan!
Hi Caty!
Last month, Zerrouq from Morocco sent us a suggestion for a topic. He said he would like to learn terms connected to emotional and mental health.
So today, we will explore the vocabulary of the human psyche.
But before that, we had another question from website visitor Kufre Etuk. Kufre wants to know the difference between toward and towards.
Easy answer --- nothing! The words are interchangeable and an issue of personal choice. I always use toward, and that is the more common usage, I think, among US and Canadian English. Towards is heard more in countries that speak British English.
Good question, Kufre. Now you do not have to feel any stress about which word to use.
I see you used the word stress there, Bryan! That is one of the terms Zerrouq asked us about. Stress is a state of mental tension. It is the opposite of calm or peaceful.
Mental stress might happens when a person is being judged or measured – like with school or work.
Or if you're on trial! Talk about being judged!
Yes, if you have to go to court you would probably be stressed about it.
Sometimes people use the phrase "stressed out." That means they feel more stress than they can deal with. They are overstressed.
If you are a parent of a teenager you might hear this expression pretty often. "Mom, you're stressing me out." That is especially common after you tell the teen to clean her room... or do study for his test... or just get out of bed!
But stress can lead to -- or be a sign of -- more serious mental disorders, like depression.
Yes, that is true. Merriam Webster defines depression as "low in spirits." Other dictionaries describe it as a feeling of sadness.
Depression can be a short-term reaction to something bad that happens. But it can also be long term condition.
U.S. mental health officials define it as "a serious mood disorder that affects how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, like sleeping, eating, or working."
Mood. That is a good word for us to talk about. Your mood is your emotional state. If you are enjoying a walk in a pretty park on a warm, sunny day, you are probably in a good mood.
If you are watching a sad movie it might bring your mood down. If you are stuck in traffic, you might get in a really bad mood.
Yes, bad traffic can cause anxiety, especially if you are trying to get somewhere at a certain time. Anxiety is a state of worry and unease. The adjectival form is anxious. For example, I am anxious I will be late for the wedding.
Do you get anxious when you are flying on a plane?
Oh yes, flying can cause stress for a lot of people, including me. Some suffer from a fear of flying. The medical term for that is aviophobia.
A phobia is an extreme or unreasonable fear or dislike of something. A couple common conditions are acrophobia, a fear of heights; and claustrophobia, a fear of small spaces.
And a few years back there was a horror movie called Arachnophobia.
Oh. That was about an invasion of deadly spiders. That is my phobia! I am terrified of spiders! I actually had a panic attack watching that movie.
I've never had one before. What is it like? What does it mean?
Well, panic is sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety. It can cause wild, sort of, unthinking behavior. A panic attack is a period of extreme anxiety. It might even become hard for a person to breathe. Which is what happened when I watched Arachnophobia.
People who have phobias or other disorders often seek mental health therapy. Therapy is a term that can be used for any kind of continuous medical treatment. People might go to physical therapy after a knee operation, for example.
But when people just say therapy alone, they often mean mental health or psychotherapy. Another word for such therapy is counseling.
Counseling or therapy can come in all kinds of settings. You can meet with a group of people that share a common problem, or you can have private visits with a doctor called a psychiatrist. You might also have a longer-term stay at a medical center.
Yeah, like when movie stars check themselves into to rehab. Rehab stands for rehabilitation. To rehabilitate means to restore to a healthy condition. There are many rehab centers in the U.S. that treat drug addiction, for example.
That's another term worth explaining -- drug addiction. This means a dangerous, unhealthy dependence on a drug or drugs. This can include alcohol. Although, a dependence on alcohol is often called alcoholism.
I think I might be addicted to caffeine. I cannot do much of anything before I have my morning coffee. This addiction does not seem to cause me real problems, though. But, I do get a bad mood if I don't have coffee!
Yes, Caty, I definitely do not want to work with you on a day you missed your morning coffee.
OK... very funny. Please comment on our webpage and let us know what you thought of this show. And, tell us what you'd like us to talk about in a future Words to the Wise.
I'm Caty Weaver.
And I'm Bryan Lynn.
重点解析
1.on trial 在受审中；在测试中；在考察中；在考验中
You're on trial for your life.
你正面临你生涯中最严厉的审判。
2.in a good mood 好心情；心情不错；情绪好；良好的心情
He is clearly in a good mood today.
明摆着，他今天心情不错。
3.be stuck in 困于，停止不前，动弹不得
You'll be stuck in a traffic jam in a city or on a highway!
你会在城里、在高速路上遭遇塞车！
4.restore to 使恢复；恢复；恢复到
This will ensure that you can restore to where you were previously should you require it.
这将确保您在需要时可以还原到以前的状态。
参考译文
欢迎来到新一期的《睿智之言》。我是卡蒂·韦弗。演播室里还有布莱恩·琳恩。嗨，布莱恩！
嗨，卡蒂！
上个月，来自摩洛哥的泽鲁克给我们提议了一个话题。他说他想学习情感（emotional）和心理健康（mental health）的相关术语。
所以今天，我们将探讨人类心理（human psyche）的词汇。
但在这之前，我们这有另一个来自网站访问者库弗·雷特的问题。他想了解“toward”和“towards”之间的区别。
答案很简单——没区别！这俩词是可以互换的，这是个人选择的问题。我总是用“toward”，我想“toward”是在美式英语和加拿大式英语里比较常见的用法。"towards"在说英式英语的国家里更常被听到。
好问题，库弗。现在你使用哪个单词不用都感觉到任何压力了。
我见你在这里用到了单词“stress（压力）”，布莱恩！这是泽鲁克询问我们的其中一个术语。“stress”是一种精神紧张的状态。它是镇定（calm）或者平静（peaceful）的反义词。
心理压力（mental stress）也许发生在一个人被像评判或者衡量的时候，像被学校评判或者衡量或者评判或者衡量工作。
或者如果你在受审中（on trial）！聊聊被审判的话题！
是的，如果你不得不出席法庭，你也许会对此感到有压力。
有时大家使用短语“stressed out（压力山大的）”。它的意思是压力大到人们无法承受。他们压力太大（overstressed）了。
如果你是一个青少年的父母，你也许经常能听到这个表达。“妈，你让我感觉压力山大。”这句话在你对青少年说让她打扫房间，或者让他为了考试学习，或者只是起床的时候更常能听到。
但是压力会导致更严重的类似抑郁（depression）的精神障碍（mental disorders），或者是精神障碍的一个迹象。
是的，确实是那样。韦氏词典对“depression”的定义是“精神低迷”。其他词典描述它为一种悲伤感。
抑郁可以是对不好的事情发生后的一种短期反应。但抑郁也可以是一种长期的状态。
美国心理健康官方将其定义为“影响你感知，思考，处理日常活动，诸如睡眠，饮食或者工作的一种严重的情绪障碍”。
情绪（mood）。这是一个适合我们讨论的好词。你的情绪就是你的情感状态。如果你享受晴暖的天气里在一个非常美丽的公园里散步，那么你很大可能心情好（in a good mood）。
如果你看一部悲情电影，它也许会让你心情不好。如果你遇上交通堵塞（be stuck in traffic），你也许心情真得很差。
是的，交通状况差能引起焦虑（anxiety），尤其当你试图在一个特定时间赶到某个地方的时候。“anxiety”是一种着急和不安的状态。它的形容词形式是anxious（令人焦虑的）。例如，我担心我会赶不上婚礼开始。
当你在飞机上的时候你会感到焦虑吗？
哦，会的，飞行会给很多人带来压力，包括我。有些人会恐飞。医学上称之为恐飞症（aviophobia）。
“phobia（恐惧症）”是一种极度或者不合常理的害怕或者不喜欢某事物。几种常见的情况有：恐飞症（acrophobia），恐高；幽闭恐惧症（claustrophobia），害怕狭窄的空间。
几年前有部恐怖电影叫《小魔星》。
噢。那部电影关于致命蜘蛛入侵的故事。那是我的恐惧症！我很害怕蜘蛛！看那部电影的时候，我实际上很恐慌（a panic attack）。
我从来没有过那种情况。那是什么样子？“a panic attack”是什么意思？
嗯，恐慌是一种突然且不可控的害怕或者焦虑。它能导致某种程度上的疯狂或者鲁莽的行为。“a panic attack”是指极度焦虑的时间段，那时候人甚至会呼吸困难，那也是我看《小魔星》时发生的状况。
有恐惧症或者其他方面失常的人一般会寻求心理健康疗法（mental health therapy）。“therapy（治疗）”是一个可以被用于任何种类的持续医疗相关的术语。例如，人们可能在膝盖手术后进行理疗（physical therapy）。
但当人们单独只说“therapy”的时候，他们一般指的是心理健康或心理治疗（psychotherapy）。另一个表示这种治疗的单词是“counseling（咨询）”。
咨询或者治疗可以用在任何情景中。你可以用于遇见一群人分享常见问题的时候，或者你可以用于和一个被称做精神科医生的人私晤的时候。你也可以用于在医疗中心长期待着的时候。
是的，就像电影明星把自己送进康复中心一样。“rehab”代表“rehabilitation（恢复）”。“rehabilitate”意思是恢复健康。例如美国有很多的药物成瘾的康复中心。
那是另一个值得解释的术语——drug addiction（药物成瘾）。它的意思是一种危险且不健康的对药品的依赖。这包括酒精在内。尽管，对酒精的依赖通常被称作“alcoholism（酗酒）”。
我想我可能咖啡因成瘾。我早上在喝咖啡之前，我啥也干不了。尽管这种上瘾看起来似乎没有给我带来实际的问题。但是，如果我没有喝咖啡，我确实会心情不好。
是的，卡蒂，那我绝对不想在你早上没喝咖啡那天和你一起工作。
好的······非常有趣。请在我们的网页留言，让我们知道你对这期节目的想法。并且，告诉我们你希望后期我们的《睿智之言》探讨什么。
我是卡蒂·韦弗。
我是布莱恩·琳恩。
