(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.
Modern microfinance started with economist Muhammad Yunus. In the nineteen seventies, he started what became the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. He and the bank jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize in two thousand six for the idea of offering small loans to the poor to fight poverty.
Last month, Mr. Yunus spoke to the New York Times newspaper about lending problems in India. In twenty ten, reports of harmful microlending methods and corruption shook the state of Andhra Pradesh. Mr. Yunus noted Andhra Pradesh had intensive microlending activity at the time. He said things got out of control.
We spoke to Ghiyath Nakshbendi about changes in the world of microfinance. He is an expert in international business and teaches microfinance as a business model at the Kogod School of Business at American University.
GHIYATH NAKSHBENDI: "After what we witnessed in Andhra Pradesh, then, for example, the government of India in certain states started taking steps in order to implement, in order to introduce, regulations that will guarantee that these institutions are operating under a strict system."
Some experts have raised questions about whether microlending lifts women or poor families out of poverty. David Roodman is with the Center for Global Development, a research group in Washington. He says microloans do not do a good job of fighting poverty. He says over three billion dollars went into microcredit in twenty-ten. But many lenders failed because of bad supervision or failure to repay loans.
In one model, governments or nongovernmental organizations, NGOs, give money to microcredit operations. Interest income is often used up by costs, rather than helping other poor borrowers. But Ghiyath Nakshbendi says that model is changing.
GHIYATH NAKSHBENDI: "In the old days, when we talk about microfinance, we are talking about an operation by which the funding is coming from wealthy individuals or government, or what have you. So it is the NGO model. Then we discovered that whatever we are getting in terms of contributions, donations and what have you -- we cannot sustain the operation."
Mr. Nakshbendi says sustainability is now a main goal.
GHIYATH NAKSHBENDI: "We moved in the last five, six years to find ways and means by which make these operations sustainable. Sustainable means simply that, ‘Yes, we are going to rely on donations, but in the meantime, we are going to encourage these borrowers to save some of their money.'"
Money from savings can then be used for new loans. Mr. Nakshbendi says private equity companies are looking closely at microfinance as an investment. New models are being developed to offer more than business loans.
GHIYATH NAKSHBENDI: "And now in microfinance we talk about loans to start a business. We are talking about educational loans. We are talking about construction loans. We are talking about health insurance loans and what have you."
And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report. I'm June Simms.
文本来自51voa，译文属可可原创，仅供学习交流使用，未经许可请勿转载
词汇解释
1.microfinance n. 小额信贷；微型金融
Commercialisation is changing microfinance—and stirring debate.
商业化正改变着小额金融体系，但争论也引起了。
2.microcredit n. 微型贷款；微额信贷
One tool to fight poverty is the use of microcredit loans.
和贫困斗争的方法之一是利用小额贷款。
3.contribution n. 贡献；捐献；投稿
This list ranked companies that make charitable contributions of a half million dollars or more.
这张清单列出了慈善捐款50万美元及50万美元以上的公司。
内容解析
1. Mr. Yunus noted Andhra Pradesh had intensive microlending activity at the time. He said things got out of control.
out of control 失去控制
The car went out of control and veered across the road.
汽车失去了控制，突然转向冲向大路的对面。
The forest was nearly out of control when suddenly it rained heavily and saved the day.
森林大火几乎控制不住，但突然下起大雨，转危为安。
参考译文
这里是美国之音慢速英语经济报道。
现代小额信贷起源于经济学家穆罕穆德·尤努斯，在20世纪70年代，他在孟加拉国建立了乡村银行，因为提出向穷人提供小额贷款来战胜贫困的想法，2006年他和该银行一起获得诺贝尔和平奖。
上月，尤努斯在纽约时代杂志上谈到印度的借贷问题，2010年，有关小额借贷有害和腐败的报道震惊了安得拉邦。尤努斯说，安得拉邦当时的小额借贷活动很兴盛，他说事情发展到不可控制。
我们就小额贷款领域的变化采访了Ghiyath Nakshbendi，他是美利坚大学Kogod商学院国际商业专家，讲授小额信贷商业模式。
Ghiyath Nakshbendi：“在看到安得拉邦的情况后，印度一些邦的政府开始采取措施和规则，确保这些机构在严格的体系下运行。”
有的专家提出这样的问题，即小额借贷是否帮助妇女和穷人摆脱贫困。戴维·鲁德曼就职于总部在华盛顿的全球发展研究中心，他说小额借贷在对付贫困方面表现不佳。他说2010年小额信贷借出30亿美元，但许多贷款人因监管不力或失败而无法偿还贷款。
在一种模式中，政府或非政府组织(NGO)向小额信贷提供资金，利息收入经常被用于支付成本，无法帮助其他贫困的借贷者。但Ghiyath Nakshbendi说这种模式正在改变。
Ghiyath Nakshbendi：“过去我们谈到小额信贷，我们谈论的是资金来自富人或政府的一种运作方式，就是NGO模式。后来我们发现无论怎样获得捐款，都无法维持运作。”
Nakshbendi说现在的主要目标是可持续性。
Ghiyath Nakshbendi：“过去五六年我们都在寻找可持续发展的办法，可持续性意味着，‘我们是准备依赖于捐赠，但同时，我们也鼓励借贷者积蓄一定的资金。’”
积蓄可以用来发放新的贷款，Nakshbendi说私募股权公司正努力将小额信贷当做一种投资，并开发新的模式来提供商业贷款之外的贷款。
Ghiyath Nakshbendi：“现在小额贷款方面，我们谈到用贷款来创业，谈到教育信贷，谈到建设信贷，医疗保险信贷等等。”
这里是美国之音慢速英语经济报道，我是琼·希姆斯。
