(单词翻译:单击)
中英文本
For two decades from 1970, when he took up a professorship at Stanford, he devoted himself to this subject.
从1970年起的20年间,卡瓦利-斯福扎担任斯坦福大学的教授,期间一直致力于研究这个课题 。
By the 1990s he was able to study variation in DNA itself.
到20世纪90年代,他已经能够研究DNA本身的变异 。
When he and his colleagues instructed a computer to sort around 1,000 people from across the globe into five clusters by similarity of DNA,
卡瓦利-斯福扎和其同事利用计算机根据DNA相似性将来自世界各地的1000人分为5组,
the clusters matched the labels by which humans had long grouped themselves intuitively:
而这些分的组和长期以来人类凭直觉对自己的划分是相匹配的:
West Eurasians, East Asians, Native Americans, New Guineans and Africans.
西方欧亚混血、东亚、美洲原住民、新几内亚人和非洲人 。
He soon concluded, though, that race was not a scientifically valid way to classify them.
然而,他很快得出结论:种族并不是一个科学有效的分类方法 。
Europeans, for example, were about two-thirds Asian and one-third African,
例如,约三分之二的欧洲人是亚洲人,三分之一是非洲人,
but after millennia of mixing there was no such thing as pure Asian or pure African either.
但是经过千年的混合,没有纯粹的亚洲人或纯粹的非洲人 。
Skin colour, or the shape of a nose, were just superficial adaptations to climate and place.
肤色,或者鼻子的形状,只是对气候和地形的表面适应 。
He represented his genetic data as "trees" branching over time: simplistic diagrams, but beautiful in their simplicity.
卡瓦利-斯福扎将基因数据根据时间以“树状”呈现:简单的图表,但简中有美 。
They often agreed, as he had hoped, with the findings of linguists and archaeologists:
正如卡瓦利-斯福扎所希冀的,这些图表正和语言学家和考古学家的发现一致:
suggesting, for example, that humanity arose in Africa, where it stayed for a long time before moving outwards, somewhere between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago.
例如,人类起源于非洲,约10万到5万年前,非洲是迁徙之前人类停留时间最长的地方 。
The earliest African migrants probably reached Asia first, moving on to Oceania, Europe and America, in that order.
最早的非洲移民可能最先到达亚洲,接下来按序是大洋洲、欧洲和美洲 。
He particularly liked to tell his story of farmers.
卡瓦利-斯福扎特别喜欢讲关于农民的发现 。
By checking variations between individuals based on their blood groups, he discerned a gradient in that variation that stretched south-east-to-north-west across Europe.
通过检查基于血型的个体差异,他发现了从东南到西北横跨欧洲的变化梯度 。
This he saw as the genetic signature of farming after its invention around 9,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent.
卡瓦利-斯福扎认为这是约9000年前在肥沃月湾(一古代农业地区)发明农业之后的基因标志 。
As early farmers radiated out of the Near East, he argued, they bred with indigenous hunter-gatherers, until by the time they reached colder climates their genes were a good mix of both.
他认为从近东辐射过来的早期农民,与土著狩猎者结合,直到到了更冷的气候中,农民和狩猎者的基因刚好是完美的融合 。
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