CATTI二级口译精讲第47讲讲义

口译技巧

口译中的句法转换 Syntactical Transformation in Oral Interpretation

由于分属不同的语系，汉、英两种语言在句法上有较大差异，主要体现在，英语句子长、结构严谨、以结构体现逻辑关系、被动语态相对较多；汉语，尤其是口头表达中，短句较多、结构较松散、逻辑关系通过语序、语气、语意等体现、无主语句多、同义重复多、被动语态少。在口译中，为更符合两种语言的口头表达习惯，应进行适当的句法转换，主要包括：增补、省略、词性转换、正反变通和句子结构调整等。

1．增补

英译汉时，增补往往是出于汉语修辞的需要，并且使译文更自然，如：
1）We're also a nation awakened to service, and citizenship, and compassion.
我们的国家也是一个被为国效劳的精神、公民义务和同情心所唤醒的国家。
2）The moment the second plane hit the second building---when we knew it was a terrorist attack---many felt that our lives would never be the same.
当第二架飞机撞上第二座大楼的那一刻，也就是我们知道这是一次恐怖主义袭击的那一刻，很多人已意识到我们的生活再也不会与从前一样。
3）Some theaters can be resolved through diplomacy and dialogue.
在有些战场，可以通过外交渠道，以对话的方式解决问题。

汉译英时，增补主要是补主语、物主代词、连词、介词、冠词，以及注释性的词语。如：
1） 很高兴来到曼谷出席本次会议。
It is a great pleasure for me to come to Bangkok and join you in this meeting.
2） 值得欣慰的是，我们所在的亚太地区经济发展保持了良好势头，前景看好。
It is gratifying to know that our Asia-Pacific region has maintained a sound momentum of economic growth with a positive prospect of future expansion.
3） 我们要坚持相互尊重、增强互信、求同存异，以对话和协商的方式解决存在的问题，共同维护地区的和平与稳定。
We should increase mutual trust on the basis of mutual respect, seek common ground while putting aside differences, and work to resolve whatever problems there might be through dialogue and consultation in a joint effort to maintain peace and stability in the region.
4） 综合分析，今年经济社会发展的目标是有把握实现的。
We are confident that, on balance, our targets for economic and social development this year will be met.

2．省略

就是去掉一些不符合目的语思维习惯和表达方式的词或短语，使译文简洁明快。英文中大量的虚词，汉语中的同义反复都可以省略。例如：
1）The government has a responsibility to protect our citizens---and that starts with homeland security.
政府有责任保护我国公民——首先要保护国土安全。
2）We will defend the values of our country, and we will live by them.
我们将捍卫我国的价值观，并按照这些价值观去生活。
3）中国永远是维护世界和平、促进共同发展的积极力量。
China will forever be a force dedicated to world peace and common development.
4）我们应积极推动经济社会协调发展、城乡协调发展、人与自然和谐发展，使发展具有更加坚实的基础。
We should work hard to promote a coordinated development of the economy and society, and of cities and rural areas, and a harmonious coexistence between man and nature so as to rest development on a more solid basis.
5）与发达国家相比，我们的经济文化发展水平还是比较落后的。
Compared with the developed countries, our economic and cultural developments remain quite backward.

3．词性转换

汉语动词十分丰富，而英语中大量使用介词、连词和分词。在翻译时进行词性转换，能使译文更自然流畅、更符合目的语的习惯、更能体现目的语的优势和特点。如：
1）The Chinese government can be very helpful.
中国政府能提供很多帮助。
2）This is the 30th anniversary of President Nixon's first visit to China.
这是尼克松总统第一次访问中国的30周年纪念。
3）I am sincere in my desire to meet him.
我真诚地希望与他会晤。
4）集中力量发展经济、改善人民生活是我们长期的中心任务。
To focus on economic development and improvements of people's livelihoods is our long-term central task.
5）事实已经证明，而且将继续证明，中国是维护世界、地区和平的坚定力量。
Facts have proven already, and will continue to prove that China is a staunch force dedicated to the maintenance of peace in the region and the world, at large.

4．正反变通

主要指肯定与否定、主动与被动以及先后顺序可以在口译中正反变通，灵活处理。例如：
1）I could not agree more with you.
我完全同意您的观点。
2）The meeting will resume after the delegates have met privately.
会议还要继续，但代表们先要私下里碰碰头。
3）None of us would ever wish the evil that has been done to our country.
我们谁也不希望我们的国家遭受如此邪恶之举。
4）在中国进入世贸组织方面，我认为实际上我们的差距已经是很小很小了。
On the question of China's accession into the WTO, in my view, the gap between the two sides is really not very significant.
5）我们衷心希望美国和朝鲜能够继续进行接触。
We sincerely hope that the contacts between US and DPRK will be resumed.
6）他还要做几个关于金融方面的讲座，然后才回去。
He will give a few more lectures on finance before he goes back home.

5．句子结构调整

主要包括短语与句子的相互转换，以及对原句的拆分和重新组合。例如：
1）It is a complex relationship. But it is a relationship that increasingly will be based on friendship, on trust, on working together, on working through problems, on being candid with each other when we have disagreements, and some people have called it a partnership in the past.
这是个复杂的关系，但它将会建立在友谊和信任的基础上、建立在共同努力解决问题的基础上、建立在遇到分歧时坦诚相待的基础上，并不断发展。过去，有人称之为“伙伴关系”。
2）We've taken a look at the world and we realize that the world we're living in, the cold war world, is over and the large numbers of nuclear weapons that we all are pointing at each other, that large number is no longer necessary.
我们对世界的观察使我们认识到，我们所生活的世界已经不是冷战世界，我们互相指向对方的大量核武器不再是必需的了。
3）Now I look for peace, not wearing a uniform, but wearing a suit.
我现在没有穿军装，穿着西装，但我同样向往和平。
4）商务旅行卡计划是亚太经合组织为工商界办实事的一个重要体现，受到工商界的普遍欢迎。
The APEC Business Travel Card Scheme, which is well received in the business communities, shows what APEC can accomplish if it really wants to help.
5）亚太经合组织是联系太平洋两岸的重要纽带，为各成员开展合作提供了重要舞台。
As a powerful bond that brings the two sides of the Pacific Ocean together, APEC provides its members with an important stage for cooperation.