CATTI二级口译精讲第17讲讲义

口译技巧 Interpretation Techniques

思维理解(三) —将认知信息纳入理解轨道

Thinking and Comprehension 3---Integration of Cognitive Data into Information Comprehension

认知信息对信息理解所起的作用主要体现在两个过程中。

第一种是译员在语音信息接收过程中的认知信息补充。由于外界的干扰或是信息发布者本身的原因，使得语音信息在发布过程中时有缺失、扭曲的现象发生。这时，译者的信息接收和语义理解在很大程度上会受到影响甚至是阻断。此时，译员可以利用平时积累的常识、专业知识、和逻辑判断等手段对语流中缺失或失真的语音信息进行猜测、补充，并对未来语音信息进行预测。

第二种情形是译员在理解程序中的认知信息补充。译者在接收信息时，会根据信息发布的语言形式以及信息发布的语境在头脑中形成该信息的语言含义。而这种语言含义并不等同于译员所要传达的信息含义，两者有时十分接近，有时又相差甚远。在做口译练习时可能会有这样的体会：有时听到一句话，用词很简单，却很难在现有的语境中对其含义有一个明确而适当的界定。要么是意思模糊不清，难以把握；要么是几种理解都有些道理，一时难以确定。这个时候就要启动大家平时的知识积累了。借助于自己平时对这一话题或是领域的了解，以及对现场气氛、对原话者意图的判断，使自己走出困境，豁然开朗。

总之，通过对认知信息的分析，我们知道，认知信息的积累来自于平时的长时记忆。所以我们不妨通过平时的积累、译前的语言准备及主题准备等形式来提高自己在口译过程中将认知信息与语言含义相结合的能力，从而将认知信心纳入理解轨道。

常用词汇

卫生部 the health department
综合医院 general hospital
肿瘤医院 tumor hospital
精神病院 mental hospital/mental home
内科 internal medicine department/medical department
外科 surgery department
住院处 admissions/admissions office
住院医生 resident doctor
实习医生 intern/interne
护士长 head nurse
按摩 massage
副作用 side effect
疗法 remedy/therapy
症状 symptom
急诊 emergency treatment
卫生 hygiene
急性病 acute disease
慢性病 chronic disease
流行病 epidemic disease
地方病 endemic disease
职业病 occupational disease
传染病 contagious disease
肺结核 TB/tuberculosis
肺炎 pneumonia
支气管炎 bronchitis
癌症 cancer
艾滋病 AIDS
伤寒 typhoid
霍乱 cholera
流感 flu/influenza
禽流感 bird flu/
疟疾 malaria
天花 smallpox
贫血 anaemia
糖尿病 diabetes
骨折 fracture
烧伤 burns
高血压 high blood pressure
低血压 low blood pressure
关节炎 arthritis
过敏 allergic to
针灸 acupuncture and moxibustion
气功疗法 traditional Chinese breathing exercises/breathing technique therapy
中药 Chinese medicine
草药 herbal medicine
西洋参 American ginseng
蜂王精 royal jelly
药酒 medicated wine
保健按摩 therapeutic massage
保健食品 health-care food
救死扶伤 heal the wounded and rescue the dying
预防为主 put prevention first
中西医结合 combine traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine
公共卫生 public health
卫生检查 sanitary inspection
新陈代谢 metabolism
胆固醇 cholesterol
免疫力 immunity
消毒 sterilization
副作用 side effects

篇章练习（上）

Chair,Secretary of State for Health and Human Services, Colleagues and Friends,

It is a great pleasure for me to be with you all here today. We gather with a sense of optimism. Firstly, because overall smoking figures are showing positive trends in the U.S. and in other industrialized countries; secondly, because the situation and terms of the fight against tobacco have changed dramatically.//

The battle has been underway for over 50 years. The first big change occurred thirty six years ago, when Luther Terry introduced his landmark Surgeon General report. The damaging health effects of tobacco were clearly stated1. Tobacco gives rise to cancer. Tobacco kills. This became the foundation for policies to curb the tobacco epidemic in a number of countries around the world2. //

The second big change took place in the last three years. Through a number of court verdicts and inquiries, another fundamental principle has emerged. Tobacco companies should be accountable for the harm caused by tobacco use. This principle will guide policy and public opinion in the future. It is also a principle which the tobacco companies will have to consider when they plan their future strategies.//

Unfortunately, optimism about progress is not universal3. Anyone who believes that we are winning the battle against tobacco should take a look at the global figures.What they will see is an emerging epidemic. As we have already heard, worldwide mortality from tobacco is likely to rise from about 4 million deaths a year in 1998 to about 10 million a year in 2030. In public health terms, this is comparable to the HIV epidemic. Over 70 percent of the deaths will be in the developing world. //

The implications are obvious4. Tobacco is not only a human tragedy. Tobacco also burdens our health systems. It costs taxpayers money. It hampers the productivity of our economies. We have seen this happening in the U.S. and in Europe. But now, these burdens are hitting developing countries, countries which need all their resources to build their social and physical infrastructure. They have no money to spend on the unnecessary costs of a man-made epidemic. //

Yet, the picture is far from bleak. Globally, we have seen a sea-change over the past few years. A groundswell of local, national and global actions is moving the public health agenda ahead. This is occurring through the development of innovative partnerships, networks and alliances. //

今天同各位共聚一堂感到十分高兴。我们怀着乐观的心情聚集在此，这是因为美国和其他工业化国家的总吸烟率在日渐好转。再有，我们同烟草斗争的形势和条件已产生了巨大的变化。//

这场斗争已长达50年之久。首次重大的改变发生在36年前，当时卢瑟•泰瑞发表了划时代的卫生总监研究报告。报告详细说明了烟草对健康的损害。烟草导致肿瘤。烟草致死。报告为世界上一些国家制定抑制烟害的有关政策奠定了基础。//

第二个重大的改变发生在最近3年。经过一系列法庭裁决和调查之后，形成了另一个重要的原则。这就是烟草公司要为烟草使用造成的损害负责。这项原则将会为今后的政策和民意产生影响，同时也会迫使烟草公司在制定将来的战略时必须考虑这一问题。//

不幸的是，全球的情况并不容乐观。任何认为我们与烟草的战斗已经胜利在望的人，应该看一看全球的有关数字。他们将看到的是，烟害正日趋严重。正如我们所知，全球烟草致死人数可能从1998年的每年400万人增加到2030年的每年1000万。从公共卫生角度看，这种危害已相当于艾滋病。超过70%的死亡者将在发展中国家。//

烟草带来的后果是显而易见的。烟草不仅给人类造成悲剧，而且加重了我们卫生系统的负担。 它不仅耗费纳税人的金钱，而且削弱经济生产力。我们在美国和欧洲已目睹这一切。如今，这种负担严重影响 着发展中国家，而这些国家却需要将全部的资源用于社会和各种基础工程的建设，他们在财政上无力承受烟害这种人为灾难所造成的高额代价。//

然而，全球情况远不是暗淡无光。世界局势近几年已发生了翻天覆地的变化。各个地区，各个 国家乃至全球都采取了强有力的行动，通过富有创造性的合作、联网和联盟，共同推动公共卫生的进程。//