CATTI二级口译精讲第36讲讲义

篇章练习（二）

经过近30年的努力，中国成功地探索了一条具有本国特色的综合治理人口问题的道路1，逐步形成了适应市场经济要求的人口调控体系和计划生育工作管理体制，人口与发展取得了举世瞩目的成就，公民的生存权、发展权和经济、社会、文化权利显著改善。//

──人口过快增长得到有效控制。人口出生率、自然增长率分别由1970年的33.43‰和25.83‰下降到1999年的15.23‰和8.77‰，总和生育率下降到更替水平以下，进入世界低生育水平国家行列。//

中国在经济不发达的情况下，用较短的时间实现了人口再生产类型从高出生、低死亡、高增长到低出生、低死亡、低增长的历史性转变，走完了一些发达国家数十年乃至上百年才走完的路。2//

──教育、卫生等各项社会事业成绩显著。到2000年底，全国基本实现普及九年义务教育和基本扫除青壮年文盲的目标。平均每万人中大学生人数由1978年的8.9人增加到1999年的32.8人。//

基本实现人人享有初级卫生保健服务。孕产妇死亡率从1990年的94.7／10万下降到1998年的56.2／10万，住院分娩率1999年达到66.8%以上。1999年，人口平均预期寿命提高到71岁，达到中等发达国家水平。//

──妇女地位明显提高，儿童权利得到保障，老年人生活水平不断提高。目前，全国机关干 部、国有企事业单位管理人员及专业技术人员中女干部占1／3以上。1999年，女性从业人员占社会总从业人员的46.5%3，高于世界34.5%的水平，当年妇女收入为男子收入的80.4%。//

5岁以下儿童死亡率，1998年为42‰，比1991年下降了31.8%。1999年，小学学龄儿童入学率达到99.1%，小学毕业生升学率达到94.4%。1999年全国1岁儿童计划免疫接种率，卡介苗为97.8%，脊髓灰质炎为97.4%，百白破为97.8%，麻疹疫苗为97.5%。//

1999年，全国有近3000万离退休人员参加了基本养老保险，国家举办的社会福利机构达1000多个，集体举办的敬老院近4万个。//

──全社会对人口问题的认识不断深化。人们对人口问题已形成以下共识：4控制人口增 长，有利于实现人口与经济、社会、资源、环境的协调发展和可持续发展；5应节制生育，不应放任自流；//

解决人口问题不仅应关注数量，还应强调提高素质和生殖健康水平、提高人类生活质量和福利，实现人的全面发展；6人口问题本质上是发展问题，只有通过经济、社会、文化等全面发展，才能最终获 得解决。//

同时，人们的婚育、养老观念也发生了深刻变化。传统的早婚早育、多子多福和重男轻女等观 念逐渐被晚婚晚育、少生优生、生男生女都一样等科学、文明、进步的观念所取代，越来越多的人自觉实行计 划生育。//

育龄妇女平均初婚年龄从1970年的20.8岁提高到1998年的23.57岁，已婚育龄妇女综合避孕率 达到83%。平均家庭规模从1971年的4.84人减少到1998年的3.63人。//

（节选自中国国务院新闻办2000年12月发布的《二十一世纪中国的人口与发展》）

口译讲评 Comments on Interpretation

1．“综合治理人口问题的道路”，如果字对字翻译，会显得比较生硬，有翻译腔，可以将“道路”意译为“办法”即“approach”，并且变“综合治理”为“综合办法”，即 “integral approach”更符合英文习惯。

2．“中国在经济不发达的情况下，用较短的时间实现了人口再生产类型从高出生、低死亡、高增 长到低出生、低死亡、低增长的历史性转变，走完了一些发达国家数十年乃至上百年才走完的路。”此句看似 复杂，实际不难，翻译时应迅速抓住主结构“中国 实现 转变”，其他内容用短语的形式填充，“走完了一些发达国家数十年乃至上百年才走完的路”实际是“转变”的同位语。该句译为：“When economically still underdeveloped, China has accomplished a historic transition in population reproduction pattern from one featuring high birth rate, low death rate and high growth rate to one featuring low birth rate, low death rate and low growth rate in a relatively short period of time, a change that took decades or even up to a hundred years for developed countries to realize in the past.”

3．“女性从业人员占社会总从业人员的46.5%”。这个短句中有两个“从业”，翻译时应尽量避免重复，“女性从业人员”可译为“employed women” 或 “women employees”，总从业人员译为 “entire workforce”。

4．“全社会对人口问题的认识不断深化。人们对人口问题已形成以下共识：”“认识深化”不能按中文的字面意思译为 “deeper understanding”，要按英文的搭配，译为“better understanding”。“共识”可以译成“common understanding”，但为避免重复，这里可以改变原文的结构，将第二句话简单地译为 “It is agreed that ”。

5．“控制人口增长，有利于实现人口与经济、社会、资源、环境的协调发展和可持续发展。” “控制人口增长”不能译为“control”，这样太生硬，可以说“slow down the population growth”。本句的主干是“控制人口增长有利于协调发展和可持续发展”，先将这一部分译出，再用 of 短语补出“发展”的定语。该句译为: “The slow-down of population growth is beneficial to a coordinated and sustained development of population, economy, society, resources and environment.”

6．“解决人口问题不仅应关注数量，还应强调提高素质和生殖健康水平、提高人类生活质量和福利，实现人的全面发展”：翻译此句时应首先理解各分句之间的逻辑关系，前两个分句是递进关系，而最后一 个分句是目的。为了使译文更清晰易懂，应补出相应的逻辑关系，加上“so as to”，使译文听起来自然。该句译为: “while slowing-down the population growth, efforts should be made to improve the population quality, reproductive health, quality of life and well being in general so as to realize an all-round human development.”

After nearly 30 years of efforts, China has successfully found its own way to have an integrated approach to the population issue with its own national characteristics. A system of regulating and adjusting the population growth with a proper family planning program management has gradually come into being. This is a system in keeping with market economy. China's population and development program has achieved universally acknowledged success. The citizens' rights to subsistence and development and their rights in the socio-economic and cultural fields have been notably improved. //

--The excessive population growth has been brought under effective control. The birth rate and natural growth rate decreased from 33.43‰ and 25.83‰ in 1970 to 15.23‰ and 8.77‰ in 1999 respectively. The total fertility rate of Chinese women went below the replacement level, making China one of the countries with a low fertility level in the world. //

When economically still underdeveloped, China has accomplished a historic transition in population reproduction pattern from one featuring high birth rate, low death rate and high growth rate to one featuring low birth rate, low death rate and low growth rate in a relatively short period of time, a change that took decades or even up to a hundred years for developed countries to realize in the past. //

Great achievements have been made in various social undertakings such as education and public health. By the end of 2000, a nine-year compulsory education has been made universal by and large, and illiteracy among young and middle-aged people has been basically eliminated. On the average, the number of college students for every 10,000 people increased from 8.9 in 1978 to 32.8 in 1999. //

On the whole everybody has access to primary health care service. The maternal mortality rate has plummeted from 94.7 per 100,000 in 1990 to 56.2 per 100,000 in 1998. The hospitalized delivery rate reached over 66.8% in 1999. The average life expectancy increased to 71 years, the same as in medium-level developed countries. //

--Women's status has been raised distinctly, children's rights are protected, and the living standard of senior citizens has been improving. Currently women amount to over one-third of all government functionaries, managerial personnel in state-owned enterprises and institutions and professionals of all trades. In 1999, employed women amounted to 46.5% of the entire workforce in China, compared to the world level of 34.5%, and women's income accounted for 80.4% of men's. //

The mortality for children under five was 42‰ in 1998, a decrease by 31.8% from that of 1991. In 1999, the school-age children enrollment rate reached 99.1% and the rate of primary school graduates entering middle schools reached 94.4%. Also in 1999, the percentage of the one-year-old children inoculated with the BCG vaccine was 97.8%, the polio vaccine 97.4%, the DPT vaccine 97.8%, and the measles vaccine 97.5%. //

In the same year, nearly 30 million retired people throughout the country were covered in the basic retirement insurance scheme, and there were some 1,000 social welfare institutions run by the Government and around 40,000 community-run old folk's homes. //

--The whole society has gained a better understanding of the issue of population. It is agreed that the slow-down of population growth is beneficial to a coordinated and sustained development of population, economy, society, resources and environment; the practice of fertility regulation should be required in a way without laissez-faire; //

while slowing-down population growth, efforts should be made to improve the population quality, reproductive health, quality of life and well being in general so as to realize an all-round human development; the issue of population is essentially a problem of development and could only be solved through economic, social and cultural development. The same period saw impressive changes in the people's attitude towards marriage, childbearing and the elderly support. //

The traditional concepts of "early marriage, early childbirth", "the more sons, the more happiness" and "men are superior to women" has been gradually replaced by the scientific and advanced concepts of "late marriage, and later childbearing, fewer and healthier births" and "boys and girls are equal". More and more people have voluntarily practiced family planning. //

The first marriage age for women of childbearing age averaged 23.57 years in 1998, as against 20.8 years in 1970. The contraceptive prevalence rate of married women of childbearing age reached 83%, and the average family size has decreased from 4.84 members in 1971 to 3.63 members in 1998. //

(Excerpts from the English version of China’s Population and Development in the 21st Century released by the Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China in December, 2000.)