PBS高端访谈:全球新闻媒体面临的"不祥"威胁
日期:2020-06-24 17:23

(单词翻译:单击)

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听力文本

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JUDY WOODRUFF: One week ago, a court in the Philippines convicted one of the country's most prominent journalists of cyber-libel. Press freedom advocates quickly called the trial unfair and part of a larger crackdown by Filipino President Rodrigo Duterte on critical media, and his political opponents. Nick Schifrin picks up the story of Maria Ressa.

NICK SCHIFRIN: Maria Ressa is a Filipina-American journalist who was once TIME magazine's person of the year and used to be CNN's Manila bureau chief. She founded Rappler, an independent news site that investigates Duterte without fear or favor. In 2012, Rappler published an article linking a businessman connected to Duterte with illegal drugs and human trafficking. Since then, Ressa has been charged with multiple crimes that her lawyers call politically motivated. All of those charges add up to as much as 100 years in prison. And Maria Ressa now joins me from Manila. Maria Ressa, what's the state of press freedom in the Philippines?

NICK SCHIFRIN: We haven't only seen attacks on journalists. We have seen attacks on the Supreme Court chief justice, on prominent legislatures, and, of course, the war on drugs, which the U.N. calls a murderous crackdown that's killed more than tens of thousands. Is this part of a trend in the Philippines?

MARIA RESSA: Absolutely. And it's two. The first is really, when we saw in 2016, the weaponization of social media. So the attacks are coming exponentially bottom up. And then it comes top down by weaponizing the law. The law is the tip of the arrow that is used to attack perceived critics. I'm not a critical journalist, in the sense that I didn't set out to criticize President Duterte. I just set out to do my job, to hold power to account.

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NICK SCHIFRIN: And what the president says is that there's a lot of crime that he needs to crack down on, and that's his defense. And the president's allies also point out that there is a commission now to investigate some of the murders against journalists.

MARIA RESSA: Of the tens of thousands…this is the U.N.'s estimate…of people killed in the drug war, there's only been one conviction of a case that's been brought to court of police. It is impunity. And then on the second front, in terms of journalists, we have seen exponential lies, just my case alone. I don't have to go very far. All I have done is to do my job. This case should have been thrown out of court, because the law we allegedly violated wasn't even in effect at the time that that story was published. The kind of legal acrobatics to bring this to court and to have a conviction are mind-boggling.

NICK SCHIFRIN: What the government says is that the article was edited after the law came into effect, and that the cyber-crime law specifically has no statute of limitations, and that's what you were convicted of.

MARIA RESSA: Both are wrong, essentially, because, in 2014, someone in Rappler fixed a typographical error. They fixed one letter of one word. It's a typo. And, for that, myself, I and one of my former colleagues can go to jail for six years. That's the first. The second is the statute of limitations for libel…the Constitution is very clear on this…it's one year. Our laws are clear. And yet, to convict us, it was changed. The judge, Judge Montesa's court says, it's now 12 years.

NICK SCHIFRIN: The issues of press freedom in Asia are larger than in the Philippines. The day that you were convicted, I talked to Steven Butler, the Committee to Protect Journalists' Asia coordinator. And this is what he said.

STEVEN BUTLER, Committee to Protect Journalists: You have seen it across the board, in Cambodia, in Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand. India has been terrible. So this is part of a broad trend that…and that has forced press freedom further into retreat from what we have seen in recent years.

NICK SCHIFRIN: Why is that retreat happening, do you think?

MARIA RESSA: I think of two reasons. The first is that our information ecosystem has fundamentally changed with the power of technology. So, starting in 2016, we pointed out that these cheap armies on social media are literally changing the facts, right? And it's not just in the Philippines. It's in the United States. What we…what has happened here is happening to you. So, when facts are debatable, then you have no integrity of anything. The second reason is because there's almost like a dictator's playbook that we're seeing all around the world. They're using the vulnerability of the information ecosystem, social media, and they…what we thought would be an enabling and empowering tool has now turned into a despot's tool.

NICK SCHIFRIN: You mentioned the United States. The U.S. State Department did release a statement the day after you were convicted decrying the case. Has the U.S. done enough?

MARIA RESSA: We would like to see more of the ideals of the United States. The rest of the world has felt a little bit of its absence in terms of press freedom issues. Having said that, no matter what the U.S. or any other country says, this is a Filipino problem. And Filipinos must step up and demand their rights. Otherwise, we're going to lose it.

NICK SCHIFRIN: Maria Ressa, thank you very much.

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重点解析

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1.hold to account 使承担责任

Meanwhile, the media, traditionally intertwined with the politicians, fail to hold this elite to account.
与此同时,历来与政客们纠葛不清的媒体,也做不到向政界精英们问责J^KB=nL&~IeG9ulG+68p

2.set out to do 着手做某事

He had set out to establish a new relationship of confidence with the European leaders.
他已经着手建立同欧洲领袖们互相信任的新关系@g|CC@ERjAg52S.pk&6

3.crack down on 镇压;制裁

We are resolved to crack down on the person who commits violations of law and discipline.
我们坚决制裁违法乱纪分子2M[v*xp+FO^n^@~nKk

4.come into effect 开始生效

The contract shall come into effect as soon as it is duly signed by both parties and shall remain effective for two years.
本合同经双方签字生效,有效期两年#Vc(W^(26V8(WTZ9HdxA

5.convict of 宣判(某人)犯有(某罪)

The jury in the first trial did not convict them of the airlines conspiracy.
陪审团在首次庭审中没有宣判他们犯有阴谋毁机罪3m=*5WbP|7zRjou5c

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参考译文

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朱迪·伍德乐夫:一周前,菲律宾的一家法院判定了该国的一个最著名的“网络诽谤罪记者”有罪a*D,KcXST[7aI9。新闻自由倡导人士很快表示,这次审判是不公平的,是菲律宾总统罗德里戈·杜特尔特对批判性媒体及其政治对手的一次大规模压制E|Ch88deH^x^gC。下面由尼克·斯齐弗林为我们报道玛丽亚·莱莎的故事MM^6Kvio4_ea3XiAie_z

尼克·斯齐弗林:玛丽亚·莱莎是菲律宾裔美国记者,她曾是《时代》杂志的年度人物,也曾是CNN马尼拉分社的社长.NAGy(rOqph_。她创办了独立的新闻网站拉普勒(Rappler),对杜特尔特进行了大胆、公正的调查nDGF!Jy=TBT。2012年,拉普勒发表了一篇文章,将一名与杜特尔特相关的商人和一些非法毒品、人口贩运联系到了一起]]8#qt#-%qsSS;.;f_9C。从那以后,莱莎被指控多项罪名,她的律师称这些罪名是出于政治动机O,cew9(*!!ZT(J。所有这些指控加起来等同于100年监禁is-3TnVrlU。玛丽亚·莱莎现在在马尼拉和我连线,玛丽亚·莱莎,菲律宾目前的新闻自由是什么状态?

玛丽亚·莱莎,CEO,拉普勒(Rappler):彻底被扼杀了,不仅仅扼杀了新闻自由,最重要的是扼杀了过去四年来的民主AMy_,3]bhnj6b。但是,当然,我们过去两个月里所看到的,最大的广播公司……想象一下,如果CBS或者CNN被法令关闭,对吧?所以,这里最大的广播公司ABS-CBN关闭了&]UVAU+#O=。上一次发生这种情况是在70年代宣布戒严令的时候,ABS-CBN被关闭了14年_Q%dr0N-HG_Kx4!。他们仍在努力抗争,一个多月后,我就被定了这样的罪名n*&oUY,veTo,ojAg[。这是我作为记者面临的8起刑事案件中的第一起tiu;c_D6D[9k

尼克·斯齐弗林:我们不仅看到了对记者的攻击,我们还看到了对最高法院首席大法官的攻击、对杰出的立法机构的攻击w9yU@dTdrtBqRV!(。还有,当然,对这场禁毒战争的攻击,联合国称这是一场残忍的镇压,已经造成数万人死亡3h%xe|pS2@Ia4aGc。这是菲律宾的部分趋势吗?

玛丽亚·莱莎:没错,有两大趋势h-W[95jKu]lbZ(d;。第一个是我们在2016年看到的,社交媒体武器化,所以攻击是呈指数级自下而上的,之后它又变成了自上而下的武器化的法律,用来攻击那些被察觉到的批评者们的“矛头”KcP[%RTt@WDp)4G#Z。而我不是一个批判性的记者,因为从某种意义上来说我并没有批判杜特尔特总统,我只是在做自己的工作,对权力负责]#RCdIXooMClk3

尼克·斯齐弗林:总统称他需要打击的罪犯有很多,同时这也是他对自己的辩护[_iHLMpo7Pd0b;。总统的盟友还指出,现在有一家委员会正在调查一些针对记者的谋杀事件J)Rgr^Z604RMp_OX@H|

玛丽亚·莱莎:在成千上万……这是联合国估计的在缉毒战中的死亡人数,而目前只有一起案件被警方定罪,而且是免责的0IQxOlLXxJM|y。第二点,就记者而言,我们看到了指数级的谎言,仅仅是我自己的案件d~5_^e|D~lvv。我无需走得更远了,我所做的只是做好我的工作,这个案子本应该被法庭剔除,因为所谓的被我们违反了的那条法律在那篇报道发表的时候甚至都还没有生效e_=E3Daz9w2^#Kx~.R+Z。用这种法律上的投机取巧,拿这件事把我告上法庭并给我定罪,这本身就很难令人信服&L]@5S5A44O|,0,Bk

尼克·斯齐弗林:政府称这篇文章是在法律生效之后编辑的,而网络犯罪法没有具体的法定时效,这就是你被判有罪的原因JQzvA1#g.AaZd;

玛丽亚·莱莎:从本质上来说这两种说法都有问题,因为在2014年,拉普勒(Rappler)有人修正了一个印刷错误,他们修正了一个单词中的一个字母,这本身属于印刷错误,但是我和我的一个前同事可能要为此被判入狱6年,这是第一个问题5~vW%&Z*BW^KU。第二个问题是诽谤的时效,宪法对此写得很清楚,时效为一年,我们的法律对此有明确的规定%9*BIi]I39ICj。但是,为了证明我们有罪,这条法律被篡改了,蒙特萨法院说现在的时效是12年PgPU|2w!*cPo(

尼克·斯齐弗林:亚洲的新闻自由问题比菲律宾要严重得多,你被定罪的那天,我和保护记者委员会的亚洲协调员史蒂文·巴特勒谈过,他当时是这么说的:

史蒂文·巴特勒,保护记者委员会:在柬埔寨、马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国,这种情况随处可见,而印度的情况从来就没有改善过,所以说这只是大的趋势下的一个小的部分,它迫使新闻自由与我们近年来所看到的情况相比进一步倒退了)JYTSMbg^4Z*bo

尼克·斯齐弗林:你认为导致这种倒退的原因是什么?

玛丽亚·莱莎:我认为有两方面的原因vM=MiQJj3q8f=。第一,我们的信息生态系统已经从根本上改变了科技的力量4wkMb-kX6BJ9hw。所以,2016年之后,我们指出社交媒体上那些廉价的水军正在直接改变所谓的“事实”,对吧?不仅仅菲律宾是这种情况,美国也是FVP9Rhqn~Kq8。这里发生的事情也正发生在别人身上F44JAocLixpo((x6l。所以,当事实具有争议的时候,所有东西就都不是完整的L|nTOF1_mLiuiYxmn。第二点原因,我们能够看到世界各地都有一个独裁者,他们正在利用信息生态系统、社交媒体的脆弱性,他们……我们原本以为它会是一种“被授权的”工具,而如今它已经转变成某种“暴君”的工具Kzz#&Z8VOE!)cs&A3B|

尼克·斯齐弗林:你提到了美国,在你被定罪的第二天,美国国务院发表了一份声明来谴责此案tiOMN*q10O。你觉得美国做得还不够多吗?

玛丽亚·莱莎:我们希望能看到更多美国的理想的东西,世界其他地区也感受到了在新闻自由问题上的欠缺U4nD[4LLR7sGiVtTX%P。话虽如此,但是无论美国或者其他任何国家怎么说,这始终都是菲律宾的问题,菲律宾人必须站出来争取自己的权利,否则我们就会失去它d(u~Bi7CrUq3YNFPR7

尼克·斯齐弗林:玛丽亚·莱莎,非常感谢ocJ^vke5;.UY

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译文为可可英语翻译,未经授权请勿转载!

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