VOA建国史话(翻译+字幕+讲解):和平条约迅速结束美西战争
日期:2019-11-06 14:37

(单词翻译:单击)

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Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION – American history in VOA Special English. The Spanish-American War took place in the late eighteen hundreds during the administration of President William McKinley. On December tenth, eighteen ninety-eight, the United States and Spain signed a treaty in Paris officially ending the war between them. However, the fighting had stopped much earlier. Spain had made the first move toward peace after its forces surrendered at Santiago, on the Cuban coast. A few weeks before that, the United States Navy had destroyed Spain's Atlantic fleet. The American naval victory ended any chance that Spain could win the war. This week in our series, Doug Johnson and Steve Ember continue the story of President William McKinley and the Spanish-American War.
Late in July, the French ambassador in Washington gave President William McKinley a message from the Spanish government. Spain asked what terms the United States would demand for peace. President McKinley sent an immediate answer. Spain, he said, must give up Cuba. It must also give to the United States the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam. And he said Spain must recognize the right of the United States to occupy Manila in the Philippines. The future of the Philippines, he said, would be decided during negotiations on a peace treaty. McKinley's terms seemed severe to Spain. But Spain had no choice. It could not continue the war. So, ten weeks after war broke out, Spain agreed to stop the fighting and accept the American terms. It signed a peace agreement in Washington on August Twelfth. A Spanish note protested sadly that the agreement took away the last memory of a glorious past. "It expels us from the western hemisphere, which became peopled and civilized through the proud efforts of our fathers."
The two countries agreed to meet in Paris to negotiate details of a peace treaty. The talks opened October first. The two sides agreed quickly on the issue of Cuban independence, and an American takeover of Puerto Rico and Guam. But they could not agree on what to do about the Philippines. At the beginning of the talks, the United States was not sure if it wanted all or only part of the Philippines. At first, President McKinley wanted Spain to give up only Luzon, the main island. Then he decided that the United States should demand all of the Philippines. McKinley explained later how he made this decision. "I thought first we would take only Manila. Then Luzon. Then other islands, perhaps. I walked the floor of the White House many nights. More than once, I went down on my knees and asked God to help me decide. "And one night," said McKinley, "It came to me this way: "That we could not give the Philippines back to Spain. That would be cowardly and dishonorable. We could not turn them over to France or Germany, our trading competitors in Asia. That would be bad business. We could not leave them to themselves.

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They were not ready for self-government. So, there was nothing for us to do but to take them all. And to educate the Filipinos, to civilize them, and make Christians of them. "With that decision," said McKinley, "I went to bed and slept well." Spain, however, did not want to give up the Philippines. It protested that the United States had no right to demand the Islands. True, Americans occupied Manila. But they did not control any other part of the Philippines. The two sides negotiated for days. Finally, they reached an agreement. Spain would give all of the Philippines to the United States. In return, the United States would pay Spain twenty-million dollars. With this dispute ended, the peace treaty was quickly completed and signed. But trouble developed when President McKinley sent the treaty to the United States Senate for approval. Many Americans opposed the treaty. They thought McKinley was wrong to take the Philippines. Opponents of the treaty included former President Cleveland, industrialist Andrew Carnegie, labor leader Samuel Gompers, writer Mark Twain, and others. They organized anti-imperialist groups in many cities to oppose the treaty. They made speeches and published newspapers explaining their opposition. Imperialism, they said, had ruined ancient Rome. And it would ruin the American republic.
They said colonies halfway around the world would be costly to protect. A large army and navy would be needed. They said colonial policies violated important democratic ideas upon which the United States had been built. We went to war with Spain, they said, to free Cuba from its colonial masters...not to make ourselves masters of the Philippines. Republican Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts led the Senate fight for the treaty. The opposition was led by the other Massachusetts senator, George Hoar, also a Republican. Senator Lodge appealed to national pride. He urged the Senate not to pull down the American flag. Rejection of the treaty, he said, would dishonor the president and the country. It would show that we are not ready as a nation to enter into great questions of foreign policy. Senator Albert Beveridge of Ohio also spoke in support of the treaty. Senator Beveridge said the Pacific would be of great importance in coming years. Therefore, he said, the power that rules the Pacific will be the power that rules the world. And, with the Philippines, that power is -- and forever will be – the United States.
Senator Hoar spoke strongly against the treaty. He said that taking over the Philippines would be a dangerous break with America's past. He said the greatest thing the United States had was its tradition of freedom. To take the Philippines, he said, would deny that tradition. It would violate the Constitution and the ideas contained in the Declaration of Independence: the idea that all men are created equal...and that government exists only with the permission of the governed. The Senate vote on the treaty was set for February sixth. It seemed that the opposition had enough votes to reject it. But several things happened before the vote. William Jennings Bryan, the leader of the Democratic Party, opposed the take-over of the Philippines. But he urged Democratic senators to vote for the treaty. Bryan was looking ahead to the presidential election in nineteen hundred. He believed that the Philippines' takeover would cause the United States nothing but trouble. He could put the blame for all the trouble on the Republicans. Then -- if he was elected president -- the Democrats could give the Philippines their independence. Bryan succeeded in getting seventeen Democrats and Populists in the Senate to vote for the treaty.
Two days before the vote was taken, violence broke out in the Philippines. President McKinley, without waiting for the Senate to act, ordered the American military government in Manila to extend its control throughout the Philippines. The leader of the Philippine rebels, Emilio Aquinaldo, opposed the order. Rebel forces prepared to fight. On the night of February fourth, thirty thousand rebels attacked American forces around Manila. Sixty Americans were killed, and more than two hundred seventy were wounded. Rebel losses were much higher. News of the rebel attack caused some Senators to change their minds about the Philippines. Some who had opposed the treaty now agreed with the Washington Star newspaper that "the Filipinos must be taught to obey." Eighty-four Senators were present for the vote on the treaty. To pass, the treaty needed a two-thirds majority -- fifty-six votes. One by one, the Senators voted. Then the count was announced. Fifty-seven of the lawmakers had voted yes. Only twenty-seven had voted no. The treaty was approved. The Philippines belonged to the United States.

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重点解析

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1.demand for 需要;对......的要求

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Demand for coal is down and so are prices.

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煤的需求下降了,煤价也相应下跌.o3!C*b#joX%F^i%S!S

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2.break out 爆发;突然发生

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Armed conflict may break out at any moment.

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3.at first 起先;最初

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At first I felt very resentful and angry about losing my job.

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起初我对丢掉工作感到非常怨恨和恼怒OM+evsxK0)BC)Lzahv

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4.succeed in 成功地做;取得成功

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There can be no doubt that you will succeed in your scientific research.

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毫无疑问你在科研方面会取得成功1^DwT,GMNr+5*

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参考译文

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欢迎收听VOA慢速英语之建国史话节目Edk~mk6[^&XGToG)u,,k。美西战争发生在18世纪末威廉·麦金利总统执政期间w&r=X6|rknsR|RmgZV。1898年12月10日,美国和西班牙在巴黎签署了一项条约,正式结束了两国之间的战争~Uo|a!,Okxev5ke.;PNj。然而,战斗早就停止了0mCAD4poNNe。西班牙军队在古巴海岸的圣地亚哥投降后,首次向和平迈进J*ACH@(7XGMz。几周前,美国海军摧毁了西班牙在大西洋的舰队v9thV-p-fEOYUjR%42。美国海军的胜利终结了西班牙赢得战争的任何机会XWkbEuHp#Qn|e。在本周的系列节目中,道格·约翰逊和史蒂夫·恩伯将继续讲述威廉·麦金利总统和美西战争的故事tpfG*ZmI0pDID
7月下旬,法国驻华盛顿大使向威廉·麦金利总统传达了西班牙政府的信息Qzzip)SD)r7%。西班牙问美国对和平的要求,麦金利总统立即作出答复%[K#2,v3(@k2.。他说,西班牙必须放弃古巴,它还必须给予美国波多黎各和关岛群岛0mgE2Rw][d|3ZfA。他表示,西班牙必须承认美国有权占领菲律宾的马尼拉,菲律宾的未来将在和平条约谈判期间决定*Q|)0sOXO.gNGnx。麦金利的条件在西班牙看来十分苛刻,但是西班牙别无选择.z+~YURyB-mW9gL。它无法继续战争98SXt^A(uaSed。因此,战争爆发十周后,西班牙同意停战,接受美国的条件Ywr8O@a*9JI6!8M。西班牙于8月12日在华盛顿签署和平协议^PROe.;C,hEk3yUub|_a。一份西班牙文书中悲伤地抗议道,这份协议夺去了对光荣过去的最后记忆0@I%we!5Og[w;,2uiG%。“它把我们赶出西半球,西半球在我们父辈的骄傲努力下成为住满居民的文明之地0d,YlH[_I+i*rmA.HZ5。”
两国同意在巴黎举行会谈,商讨一项和平条约X#FTC1(&2CU(B3。会谈于10月1日开始,双方很快就古巴独立以及美国接管波多黎各和关岛的问题达成一致)V1oG5|&E3,G108TU。但是,他们无法就如何处理菲律宾的事宜达成一致c@f@.DZ,ig|Q9IeXtcJ_。在会谈开始时,美国不确定是否想要菲律宾的全部或部分领土gq)m.w%AfI。起初,麦金利总统希望西班牙只放弃主要的岛屿吕宋岛;[P8U3,!5XjN&E6uX。随后,他决定美国应该要求拥有菲律宾的所有领土@4IqIEvx^&A=e。麦金利后来解释了他是如何做出这个决定的*m*0ev68d+;%4mMXd。“我认为,我们先要获得马尼拉,随后是吕宋岛,或许还有其他岛屿d=p3,OBKb+06CulW&7。好几个晚上,我都在白宫里踱步leQRYJm.xD(N0ZOL[c;J。我不止一次的跪下,请求上帝帮助我做出决定rr-B,yQiZ!4abeH。”“有一天晚上,”麦金利说,“我是这样想的:‘我们不能把菲律宾还给西班牙,这样做懦弱又可耻,我们不能把它们交还给法国或德国,他们是我们在亚洲的贸易竞争对手LGqc9_-(!N=kip。那可不是好事,我们不能放置不管’”VJ)Y@_Cn0+FTiBCW
他们还没有做好自治的准备~O9OE5].Q;Cm1z。所以,除了掌控所有领土之外,其它事情我们都做不了U0(@H9fy.%9PMmq2。我们要教育菲律宾人,教化他们,使他们成为基督徒1c@QqCe!]pL[,e0B。“有了这个决定,”麦金利说,“我能够睡得很香了c~+8oeX4-45vMe+。”然而,西班牙并不想放弃菲律宾kl*=wsUj@b@nv。它抗议美国无权索要这些岛屿gkdY.4GLCx]Dgkb%*=L@。没错,美国人占领了马尼拉s6[JI4uBU-Wwi#fK~。但是,他们没有控制菲律宾的其他地区JS&z[x.[C;gq5qg@g。双方谈判了数天,最后达成协议^n;eR!&*qF.hZC。西班牙将把整个菲律宾交给美国,作为回报,美国将向西班牙支付2000万美元1AEP*vYMfNgdZ%(LUjj,。随着这场争端的结束,和平条约很快完成并签署l&YMQoBpc^JHBMCz*TIW。但是,当麦金利总统将该条约提交美国参议院批准时,麻烦出现了BNYaQi;bc]Yn9X|ySm1。许多美国人反对这项条约,他们认为麦金利占领菲律宾是错误的K;DoXM+BWK2U[l%#Fk。该条约的反对者包括前总统克利夫兰、实业家安德鲁·卡内基、工党领袖塞缪尔·戈佩斯、作家马克·吐温等1&K3aL2K5TJi。他们在许多城市组织反帝团体,反对该项条约N@BHBL@,*&*d#Cp8[SJC。他们发表演讲,出版报纸来解释他们的反对意见pj*rWq9]%V1(Cm)[。他们表示,帝国主义摧毁了古罗马,它也将毁掉美利坚合众国r@dxlx4=q=fwIs
他们说,要保护位于地球另半边上的殖民地代价高昂,需要一支庞大的陆军和海军@Kgy*wnz|+Hnw。他们说,殖民政策违反了美国赖以建立的重要民主思想hPGO=YmKU,。他们说,我们与西班牙开战是为了让古巴摆脱殖民统治......而不是让自己成为菲律宾的主人Z=+m+Mo0|H|tlB-pd1。马萨诸塞州的共和党人亨利·卡博特·洛奇带领参议院为该条约而战,反对党由另一位马萨诸塞州参议员、共和党人乔治·霍尔领导*iK^RDdVptBHHksL3Xo。参议员洛奇呼吁唤起人民的自豪感,他敦促参议院不要撤下美国国旗#c_76QSLODES1Ba。他表示,不通过该条约将使总统和国家蒙羞,这表明美国作为一个国家还未准备好应对外交政策提出重大问题4K%hqGqa0n4。俄亥俄州参议员阿尔伯特·贝弗里奇也发言支持该条约,贝弗里奇参议员表示,太平洋地区在未来几年将至关重要ppYBYS1=XL761WYT;。因此,他说,统治太平洋的国家将统治世界k*om[z,i5Z[6O^Rlt。而且,对于菲律宾来说,这个国家是,且永远都是美国的k#e!;t3Q2D
参议员霍尔强烈反对这项条约,他说,接管菲律宾将是与美国历史做出的一个危险性决裂2YmAQA#8N]+。他说,美国最大的优点是它的自由传统,占领菲律宾将否定这一传统]KNlLFCW@7Pz@uK3。这违反了《宪法》和《独立宣言》中所载的理念:人人生而平等......政府只有经被统治者许可后方可存在OfV@hPs@]9。参议院对于2月6日对该条约进行表决,似乎反对党拥有足够的票数予以否决|Lp]MrW)MkaJYq3zjv。但是,在投票前发生了几件事WNb2cciO!0F。民主党领袖威廉·詹宁斯·布赖恩反对接管菲律宾(@AzpwY=|GaS!CHQFAu5。但是,他敦促民主党参议员投票支持该条约as-(lCqX|E(6v%IfyZS。布莱恩期待着1900年的总统选举,他认为接管菲律宾只会给美国带来麻烦5r%x7R[NVO_I.zT^r。他可以把所有的麻烦都归咎于共和党人0ofGeS8_j6mX1.+-。然后,如果他当选为总统,民主党人可以让菲律宾独立Tg3;uwnr~7=@WP9S。布赖恩成功地让参议院的17名民主党人和民粹主义者投票赞成该条约fP;Oo)sQaB[m[_q-1x
投票前两天,菲律宾爆发了暴力事件9_Dt&%)J)vB]O_laIwX。总统麦金利在未等待参议院采取行动的情况下,命令马尼拉的美国军事政府将其控制范围扩大到菲律宾全境~Ta1XWdJUf。菲律宾反政府武装领导人埃米利·奥阿金纳多反对这一命令wXQeigbO7k-,2x#opV^z。叛军准备作战A0p&cjDcQ;k5(5nEz。2月4日晚,三万名叛军袭击了马尼拉周边的美军=iGL|J_(2|44&;(h。60名美军丧生,270多人受伤,而叛军的损失要高得多R2oKkMajeY。叛军袭击的消息使一些参议员改变了对菲律宾的看法,一些曾经反对该条约的人现在都同意《华盛顿星报》的说法,即“必须教育菲律宾人服从”O2o86R|WFm2N7nbIV。获得三分之二的多数票,即56张选票qkSDA!4nJ-q_o])]TmN@。参议员们一个接一个地投票,随后,伯爵宣读结果WWj#9Kpi)U~p33d。57名议员投票赞成,只有27人投票否决,该项条约予以通过,使菲律宾归属于美国Mx=Rgn07uSGP

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