(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
Our story today is a sad one. It is the story of a clash of peoples, religions, ideas, and cultures. It is a story of strongly held ideas and a lack of compromise. It is the story of the relations between Europeans and the natives who had lived for thousands of years in the area we now call North America. Many different Native American groups lived on the East Coast of what would become United States. They spoke many different languages. Some were farmers, some were hunters. Some fought many wars, others were peaceful. These groups are called tribes. Their names are known to most Americans...the Senecas, the Mohawks, the Seminole, the Cherokee to name only a few. These tribes had developed their own cultures many years before the first European settlers arrived. Each had a kind of religion, a strong spiritual belief. Many tribes shared a similar one. The Indians on the East Coast shared a highly developed system of trade. Researchers say different tribes of Native Americans traded goods all across the country. The first recorded meetings between Europeans and the natives of the East Coast took place in the fifteen hundreds. Fishermen from France and the Basque area of Spain crossed the Atlantic Ocean. They searched for whales along the east coast of North America.
They made temporary camps along the coast. They often traded with the local Indians. The Europeans often paid Indians to work for them. Both groups found this to be a successful relationship. Several times different groups of fishermen tried to establish a permanent settlement on the coast, but the severe winters made it impossible. These fishing camps were only temporary. The first permanent settlers in New England began arriving in sixteen twenty. They wanted to live in peace with the Indians. They needed to trade with them for food. The settlers also knew that a battle would result in their own, quick defeat because they were so few in number. Yet, problems began almost immediately. Perhaps the most serious was the different way the American Indians and the Europeans thought about land. This difference created problems that would not be solved during the next several hundred years. Land was extremely important to the European settlers. In England, and most other countries, land meant wealth. Owning large amounts of land meant a person had great wealth and political power. Many of the settlers in this new country could never have owned land in Europe. They were too poor. And they belonged to minority religious groups.
When they arrived in the new country, they discovered no one seemed to own the huge amounts of land. Companies in England needed to find people willing to settle in the new country. So they offered land to anyone who would take the chance of crossing the Atlantic Ocean. For many, it was a dream come true. It was a way to improve their lives. The land gave them a chance to become wealthy and powerful. American Indians believed no person could own land. They believed, however, that anyone could use it. Anyone who wanted to live on and grow crops on a piece of land was able to do so. The American Indians lived within nature. They lived very well without working very hard. They were able to do this because they understood the land and their environment. They did not try to change the land. They might farm in an area for a few years. Then they would move on. They permitted the land on which they had farmed to become wild again. They might hunt on one area of land for some time, but again they would move on. They hunted only what they could eat, so the numbers of animals continued to increase. The Indians understood nature and made it work for them. The first Europeans to settle in New England in the northeastern part of America were few in number. They wanted land. The Indians did not fear them.
There was enough land for everyone to use and plant crops. It was easy to live together. The Indians helped the settlers by teaching them how to plant crops and survive on the land. But the Indians did not understand that the settlers were going to keep the land. This idea was foreign to the Indians. It was like to trying to own the air, or the clouds. As the years passed, more and more settlers arrived, and took more and more land. They cut down trees. They built fences to keep people and animals out. They demanded that the Indians stay off their land. Religion was another problem between the settlers and the Indians. The settlers in New England were very serious about their Christian religion. They thought it was the one true faith and all people should believe in it. They soon learned that the Indians were not interested in learning about it or changing their beliefs. Many settlers came to believe that Native Americans could not be trusted because they were not Christians. The settler groups began to fear the Indians. They thought of the Indians as a people who were evil because they had no religion.
The settlers told the Indians they must change and become Christians. The Indians did not understand why they should change anything. The European settlers failed to understand that the Native American Indians were extremely religious people with a strong belief in unseen powers. The Indians lived very close to nature. They believed that all things in the universe depend on each other. All native tribes had ceremonies that honored a creator of nature. American Indians recognized the work of the creator of the world in their everyday life. Other events also led to serious problems between the Native Americans and the settlers. One serious problem was disease. The settlers brought sickness with them from Europe. For example, the disease smallpox was well known in Europe. Some people carried the bacteria that caused smallpox, although they did not suffer the sickness itself. Smallpox was unknown to Native Americans. Their bodies' defense systems could not fight against smallpox. It killed whole tribes. And, smallpox was only one such disease.
There were many others. The first meetings between settlers and Native Americans were the same in almost every European settlement on the East Coast of America. The two groups met as friends. They would begin by trading for food and other goods. In time, however, something would happen to cause a crisis. Perhaps a settler would demand that an Indian stay off the settler's land. Perhaps a settler, or Indian, was killed. Fear would replace friendship. One side or the other would answer what they believed was an attack. A good example of this is the violent clash called King Philip's War. Matacom was a leader of the Wampanoag tribe that lived in the northern-most colonies. He was known to the English as King Philip. Without the help of his tribe, the first European settlers in that area might not have survived their first winter. The Wampanoag Indians provided them with food. They taught the settlers how to plant corn and other food crops. The two groups were very friendly for several years. As the years passed, however, fear and a lack of understanding increased. Matacom's brother died of a European disease. Matacom blamed the settlers.
He also saw how the increasing numbers of settlers were changing the land. He believed they were destroying it. One small crisis after another led to the killing of a Christian Indian who lived with the settlers. The settlers answered this by killing three Indians. A war quickly followed. It began in sixteen seventy-five and continued for almost two years. It was an extremely cruel war. Men, women and children on both sides were killed. Researchers believe more than six hundred settlers were killed. They also say as many as three thousand Native Americans died in the violence. History experts say the tribe of Indians called the Narraganset were the true victims of King Philip's War. The Narraganset were not involved in the war. They did not support one group or the other. However, the settlers killed almost all the Narraganset Indians because they had learned to fear all Indians. This fear, lack of understanding and the failure to compromise were not unusual. They strongly influenced the European settlers relations with Native Americans in all areas of the new country.
重点解析
1.move on 往前走，前进
Nevertheless, you should always be prepared for the day you have to move on.
但是，你应该随时做好准备，也许有一天你必须离开。
2.Native American 印第安人；美洲原住民
It is a reminder of the Native American role in the first American Thanksgiving, a feast held to thank the Indians for sharing their knowledge and skill.
这使我们不忘美国印第安人在美国第一个感恩节中的作用，那次盛宴正是为感谢印第安人分享他们的知识和技能而举办的。
3.result in 导致，结果是
This will result in output containing both the starting and ending addresses of the compiled code for each method.
这将会导致在输出结果中包含每个方法已编译的代码的起始地址和结束地址。
4.lived on 生存
They had lived on their land for centuries. It belonged to them.
他们世代居住在这片土地，这片土地属于他们。
5.believe in 信仰；信任
He does not believe in fate.
他不相信命运。
参考译文
我们今天的故事有些伤感，故事有关民族、宗教、思想和文化冲突。这是一个关于坚定主张和不愿妥协的故事。故事发生在欧洲人和在现在的北美地区生活几千年的印第安人之间。许多印第安人住在北美东海岸，也就是现在的美国。他们讲各种不同的语言，有些以种地为生，有些靠狩猎过活。有些四处征战，另一些则热爱和平。我们称之为部落。大多数美国人熟知的部落有塞内卡斯人，莫霍克人，塞米诺尔人，切罗基人等等。在第一批欧洲移民到来之前，这些部落已经发展了自己的文化。每个部落都有自己的宗教、精神信仰，许多部落的宗教和信仰都很相似。东海岸的印第安人拥有高度发达的贸易体系。研究人员表示，美洲印第安人部落在全国各地买卖商品。第一次记录在案的欧洲人和北美东海岸印第安人的会面发生在16世纪。来自法国和西班牙巴斯克地区的渔民横穿大西洋。他们沿着北美东部沿海地区搜寻鲸鱼，在海岸上搭起了临时营地。他们经常和当地的印第安人做生意，还雇佣他们干活，双方都认为这种关系挺好。渔民曾多次试图在海岸上建立永久定居点，但因为冬季的寒冷最后不了了之。这些钓鱼营地只是临时的。
1620年，第一批永久定居者来到了新英格兰。他们希望与印第安人和平相处，需要和印第安人交换食物。定居者也明白，自己寡不敌众，一旦发生冲突，将很快败下阵来。然而，问题开始接踵而来。也许最严峻的问题是美国印第安人和欧洲人对土地的不同看法。因为这些差异而产成的问题在未来几百年内都无法解决。对欧洲定居者来说，土地极为重要。在英国和大多数其它国家，土地意味着财富。拥有大批土地能给人带来巨大的财富和政治权力。许多定居者在欧洲根本不可能拥有土地，他们太穷了。这些人属于少数宗教派别。他们到达这里时发现，许多土地似乎没有主人。英国的公司需要找到愿意在新大陆定居的人。因此，他们向任何愿意冒险横渡大西洋的人提供土地。对许多人来说，这是梦想成真，是帮助他们改善生活的机会。土地让他们有机会积累财富和权力。美洲印第安人认为，土地无法为人所有，但可以为人使用。任何人都可以在土地上生活，种植庄稼。美洲印第安人生活在大自然里，他们不用很辛苦就可以生活的很好。因为他们了解土地和环境，所以生活起来较为容易。他们没有尝试改变土地。他们可能会在一个地区耕种几年，然后换个地方。这样，土地有机会休耕，捕猎也是如此。
他们只猎取能吃的东西，因此动物的数量不断增加。印第安人了解大自然，并使之为他们所用。在美国东北部的新英格兰定居的第一批欧洲人数量很少。他们渴望得到土地。因为有足够多的土地供每个人使用和种植庄稼，所以印第安人并不担心。双方相处的很和谐，印第安人教这些定居者们如何种植庄稼和在土地上生存。但是印第安人不知道定居者准备占有这块土地。对印第安人来说，这就像试图拥有空气或云彩一样天方夜谭。随着岁月的流逝，越来越多人来到这里定居，并夺取了越来越多的土地。他们砍伐树木，筑起篱笆把人和动物挡在外面，并要求印第安人远离他们的土地。定居者和和印第安人之间的另一大问题是宗教。新英格兰的移民信奉基督教。他们视基督教为唯一的信仰，所有人都应该信仰基督教。不久，他们了解到印第安人对基督教不感兴趣，或者他们没想改变自己的信仰。许多定居者开始认为印第安人不可信，因为他们不是基督徒。定居者们惧怕印第安人。他们认为印第安人是邪恶的人群，因为他们没有宗教信仰。定居者告诉印第安人必须改变，成为基督徒。印第安人不明白他们为什么要改变。欧洲定居者不知道土著印第安人极端虔诚，他们坚信无形的神灵。印第安人生活在大自然中，他们相信宇宙万物互相依存，所有部落都举行仪式来纪念自然的创造者。他们在日常生活中总会看到宇宙创造者留下的痕迹。其它事件也造成了美洲原住民和定居者之间的隔阂，其中包括疾病。定居者把天花等欧洲常见疾病带到新大陆。有些人携带了引起天花的细菌，尽管他们自己并没有染上这种疾病。印第安人不知道天花，他们的免疫系统无法抵抗天花，整个部落因此而消亡，天花只是其中之一，还有很多其它疾病。北美大陆东部沿海各地的欧洲移民和印第安人关系的发展大同小异。
双方一开始都能和睦相处，交换各种物资。然而，随着时间的推移，危机随之爆发。也许定居者会要求印第安人远离他们的土地。也许是定居者或者印第安人被杀，友谊取而代之的是恐惧。一方或另一方受到袭击并奋起反击，历史上的“菲利普王战争”就是一个很好的例子。马塔康姆是万帕诺亚格部落（生活在最北部殖民地）的首领，他被称为菲利普国王。如果没有万帕诺亚格部落的帮助，第一批欧洲定居者可能无法度过第一个严冬。万帕诺亚格部落给欧洲定居者提供食物，教移民如何种植玉米和其它粮食作物。双方和睦相处了好几年。然而，随着时间的流逝，恐惧和缺乏了解的情绪与日俱增。马塔卡姆的兄弟死于一种欧洲疾病。马塔卡姆将其归咎于定居者，他还目睹了越来越多的定居者正在改变这片土地。他认为这些定居者正在摧毁这片土地。危机接踵而至，最后导致一名与定居者生活在一起的印第安基督徒被杀。定居者以杀死三个印第安人作为反击。1675年，战争一触即发，持续了近两年。这场战争极其残酷，双方许多人被杀害，包括男人、女人和儿童。研究人员认为，600多名定居者被杀，多达3000名美洲印第安人在暴力冲突中丧生。历史学家表示，印第安人部落——纳拉甘西特人是菲利普国王战争的真正受害者。纳拉甘西特人没有卷入战争。他们不支持战争的任何一方。然而，定居者几乎杀死了所有的纳拉甘西特人，因为他们害怕所有的印第安人。正是这种恐惧、缺乏理解和不愿妥协的对立情绪造成美洲大陆上欧洲定居者与美洲印第安人之间的紧张关系。
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