(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION -- American history in VOA Special English. Two years of a bitter, bloody civil war started to show their effects on both the Confederate states of the South and the Union states of the North. Both sides began to feel the pressure of the costly struggle. The South, however, felt the pressure more severely, because it was weaker in troop strength and industrial strength. This week in our series, Maurice Joyce and Jack Moyles discuss the early summer of eighteen sixty-three in the American Civil War. In eighteen-sixty-three, the Confederate states were becoming short of supplies. Food and guns were difficult to find to keep the Confederate armies in the field. Men were also needed. More and more men. There seemed to be no end to the demand for men to fill the places left empty by dead and wounded soldiers.
Many in the South were heavy of heart. And the hope among them slowly started to sink. The war was tiring. Its suffering was more than they could bear. And the situation in the West made matters worse. Union Armies were on the move in the states of Mississippi and Tennessee. Their successes were becoming a serious threat. They might soon win control of the whole Mississippi river. This would split the states of the Confederacy and might end its very existence. Something was needed to raise up the spirits of the South to break the pressure of Union armies. General Robert E. Lee believed he had the answer: an invasion of the north. This, he felt, would throw fear into the people of the north and weaken the Union war effort. Lee had organized an army of seventy-five-thousand men at Fredericksburg, Virginia, halfway between Washington and Richmond. Lee began moving his men June third. They marched northwest into the Shenandoah Valley. The valley led north to the Potomac River. Across the river was the narrow neck of western Maryland, then Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania was the target. Its rich farmland produced plenty of food -- enough to feed Lee's hungry army for the summer. Standing in the way of Lee's army was a small Union force at Winchester, in northern Virginia. There were only seven-thousand Union soldiers. And they had no idea that the Confederate army was nearby. The Confederates easily defeated them. More than half of the Union troops were captured. The others fled. Now there was nothing to stop Lee from marching into Pennsylvania. The huge Army of the Potomac was behind him, near Washington. The Union commander, General Hooker, had to keep his army between Lee and Washington to prevent the Confederates from seizing the national capital. Lee's army crossed western Maryland and entered Pennsylvania. His soldiers found the Pennsylvania countryside very different from Virginia's. Virginia had been a battleground for two years, and the land showed it. Many of its farms had been destroyed. Its stores were empty.
Pennsylvania had not been touched by the war. Its big farms were rich. Its towns and villages were full of food and goods of all kinds. The hungry, poorly-clothed soldiers could not believe their eyes. This was the land of the enemy, they cried, and they could take whatever they wished. But General Lee said "No." He said supplies could be taken only by Confederate supply officers. And he said they must pay -- in Confederate money -- for everything they took. Lee did not want to anger these people in Pennsylvania. Many of them did not support the Union war effort. Some of the rich farmers said openly that they did not care who won the war. They said they only wanted to be left alone. Lee was sure that many in the north felt the same way. There had been signs that people were growing tired of the war. Coal miners in eastern Pennsylvania had shown their feelings toward the war a few months earlier.
They rose up against a new law drafting men into the Union army. The miners did not want to fight. They refused to join the army. They rioted and attacked officials who tried to take them. Soldiers were sent to the mining areas to put down the riots. Farmers in nearby Ohio also rebelled against the draft law. They refused to be drafted. Instead, they took guns and battled soldiers who came to arrest them. Feelings against the war were growing stronger, not only in Pennsylvania and Ohio, but also in several other farm states of the north. These areas saw a growing support for a peace party -- a political party opposed to the war. Leaders of this movement were Democrats called "Copperheads." They got this name because they wore on their coats a copper penny with the head of an Indian. The chief Copperhead was a former Ohio congressman. His name was Clement Vallandigham.
As a member of Congress, Vallandigham criticized the war and the Republicans. He told them: "The war for the Union is, in your hands, a most bloody and costly failure. War for the Union was abandoned. And war for the Negro was openly begun with stronger effort than before. With what success." Vallandigham asked. "Let the dead at Fredericksburg and Vicksburg answer." Vallandigham said he wanted peace, and he wanted it immediately. He offered a simple program: stop the fighting. Make a ceasefire. And let some friendly foreign nation negotiate peace between North and South. After he lost his seat in Congress, Vallandigham opened a campaign to become governor of Ohio. He traveled all across the state speaking out against the war. He said Republicans did not want peace. He said they wanted to fight until every black man was free. The Union military commander for Ohio was General Ambrose Burnside, a former commander of the Army of the Potomac. After losing the battle of Fredericksburg, Lincoln removed Burnside as army commander and sent him to Ohio.
Burnside was worried. Too many people in Ohio opposed the war. He believed that much of what was being said and done in Ohio was close to the crime of treason. Burnside announced several new measures to quiet the opponents of the war. One of these orders limited the right of citizens to criticize government military policy. Another declared that statements of support for the enemy would be punished as treason. Vallandigham refused to recognize Burnside's right to give such orders to civilians. On May first, he made a campaign speech to a big crowd at Mount Vernon, Ohio. He denounced Burnside's orders and spoke of the President as "King Lincoln."
Vallandigham claimed that Lincoln was using the war to become a dictator. He said Lincoln did not want peace, that the president had rejected peace offers from the South. Once again, he said the war was not a struggle for the Union, but a fight to free the slaves of the south. And he said men of Ohio who let themselves be drafted into the Union army were no better than slaves themselves. Burnside had sent several army officers to listen to the speech. When they reported what Vallandigham said, Burnside ordered his arrest. Without question, the man had violated the General's orders. Late the next night, soldiers went to Vallandigham's home in Dayton. They knocked on the door and said they had come to arrest him. Vallandigham called for help and refused to let the soldiers enter. They broke down the door, seized him and took him to a military prison in Cincinnati. A few days later, Vallandigham went on trial before a military court in Cincinnati. That will be our story in the next program of THE MAKING OF A NATION.
重点解析
1.raise up 举起；立
They may raise up the spirit and help the mind of the sufferer.
他们可振奋精神，舒展心情了。
2.leave alone 让独自呆着；不干涉
Leave alone the boy, he can make up his own mind.
不要管这个小男孩，他自己能做决定。
3.put down 镇压；平定
Soldiers went in to put down a rebellion.
军队出动镇压叛乱。
4.once again 再次；又一次
Once again I breathed as a free man.
我又能像个自由人一样呼吸了。
参考译文
欢迎收听VOA慢速英语之建国史话节目。两年激烈的血腥内战开始显现出对南方联盟国和北方联邦的影响，双方都开始感受到昂贵的战斗带来的压力。然而，南方感受到压力更为严峻，因为它在部队和工业实力上都更弱。在本周的系列节目中，莫里斯·乔伊斯和杰克·莫伊尔斯将讨论1863年美国内战在初夏期间的故事。在1863年，联盟国各州的供给开始短缺。很难找到食物和枪支来维持联盟国军队的运作。同时，军队也需要男性，越来越多的男性，似乎需要无穷无尽的男性来填补部队中伤亡战士的空缺。许多南方人都心情沉重，他们怀抱的希望慢慢地开始破灭。战争让人们感到疲惫，它所带来的痛苦超出了人们能够承受的范围，西部的情况使局面更为糟糕。联邦军队正在密西西比州和田纳西州展开行动，他们取得的成功构成了严重的威胁。他们可能很快会控制整条密西西比河，这将分裂联盟国各州，并可能终结联盟国的存在。南方部队的士兵需要鼓舞士气，来打破联盟军队带来的压力。罗伯特·E·李将军认为他拥有这个答案，那就是入侵北方。他认为，这将使北方人民陷入恐慌，削弱联邦军队参战的士气。李将军在佛吉尼亚州弗雷德里克斯堡组织了一支7.5万人的军队，部署在华盛顿和里士满之间。李将军于6月3日开始调动兵力，他们向西北方向进军，进入谢南多厄山谷。山谷向北通向波托马克河，河对岸是马里兰州西部的狭长地域，然后便能进入宾夕法尼亚州。
攻击的目标是宾夕法尼亚州，那里富饶的农田产出大量的粮食，足以供养李将军饥饿的军队度过夏天。在佛吉尼亚州北部的温彻斯特，一支小规模的联邦部队挡住了李将军的部队。只有七千名联邦士兵，他们不知道联盟国军队就在附近。联盟国军队很容易就能打败他们，超过一半的联邦部队被俘虏了，其他人则逃走了。现在没有什么可以阻止李将军进军宾夕法尼亚州。波托马克的庞大军团就在他身后，部署在华盛顿附近。联邦军指挥官胡克将军不得不将他的军队控制在李将军的部队和华盛顿之间，以防止联盟国军队夺取首都。入宾夕法尼亚，他的士兵发现宾夕法尼亚州的乡村和佛吉尼亚州情况极其不同。双方在佛吉尼亚州作战已经有两年时间了，战争对它的影响显而易见。许多农场遭到破坏，商店空无一物。
宾夕法尼亚州还未受到战争的影响，它的大型农场非常富饶，城镇和村庄里到处都是食物和各式各样的物品。饥饿、衣衫不整的士兵简直不敢相信自己的眼睛，他们叫喊着，这是敌人的土地，他们可以随心所欲地掠夺。但是李将军说“不行”，他说补给只能由联盟国补给官来拿取，他们必须用联盟国政府的款项来支付所拿走的一切物资。李将军不想激怒宾夕法尼亚州的居民，他们中许多人并不支持联邦军队参战。一些富农公开表示，他们不关心谁能赢得这场战争，他们只想安静地生活。李将军相信北方的许多人也有同样的感受，能够看得出人们对战争越来越厌倦。几个月前，宾夕法尼亚州东部的煤矿工人表达了他们对战争的感受。
他们反对一项新起草的联邦军队招募士兵的法案，矿工们不想打仗，拒绝参军。他们闹事并袭击企图带走他们的军官，军队到矿区平息暴乱。俄亥俄州附近的农民也反对这项草案，他们拒绝去参军。他们反而想拿枪与前来逮捕他们的士兵作战。反战情绪越来越强烈，不仅在宾夕法尼亚州和俄亥俄州，在北方的其他几个农业州情况相似。这些地区越来越多地支持和平党，这是一个反对战争的政党。这场运动的领导人是被称为“铜斑蛇”的民主党人，因为他们的外套上戴着一枚铜币，铜币上是一个印第安人头像。铜斑蛇的头目是前俄亥俄州的国会议员，名叫克莱门特·法兰迪加姆。
作为国会议员，法兰迪加姆对战争和共和党人大加指责，他告诉他们：“联邦的战争在你们手中成为最血腥、最昂贵的败笔。为联邦而战的理念被舍弃，为黑人而战的斗争已经公开开始，其势头比以往更加强劲。取得了什么成绩。” 法兰迪加姆问道。“让战死在弗雷德里克斯堡和维克斯堡的那些将士们来回答吧。”法兰迪加姆说他希望和平，立即和平。他提出一个简单的方案：停止战斗。停火。让一些具有友好关系的国家从中调停，达成南北双方的和平。法兰迪加姆在失去国会席位后，开始竞选俄亥俄州州长。他走遍全州，公开反对战争。他说共和党人不希望和平，他们想让每个黑人都自由，到那时才结束战争。俄亥俄州的联邦军事指挥官是安布罗斯·伯恩赛德将军，他是前波托马克军团的指挥官。在弗雷德里克斯堡战役失败后，林肯撤掉了伯恩赛德陆军指挥官的军衔，并将他送往俄亥俄州。
伯恩赛德很担心，俄亥俄州有太多人反对这场战争。他相信人们在俄亥俄州发表的言论和所作所为中很多都与叛国罪非常接近。伯恩赛德宣布了几项新措施来平息战争的反对者。其中一项命令限制了公民批评政府军事政策的权利，另一项则宣称支持敌方宣言将被视为叛国罪。法兰迪加姆拒绝承认伯恩赛德有权向平民下达这样的命令。5月1日，他在俄亥俄州弗农山向一大群民众发表演说。他谴责伯恩赛德下达的命令，还把总统称为“林肯国王。”
法兰迪加姆声称林肯利用战争成为独裁者，说林肯不想要和平，总统拒绝南方的和平提议。他再次表示，这场战争不是为联邦而战，而是为解放南方的奴隶而战。他还说，俄亥俄州那些应征入伍的人并不比奴隶们强多少。伯恩赛德派出几名军官去听演讲，他们报告了法兰迪加姆所说的话时，伯恩赛德下令将其逮捕。毫无疑问，这个人违反了将军的命令。第二天深夜，士兵们前往法兰迪加姆在德顿的家中。他们敲了敲门，说是来逮捕他的。法兰迪加姆请求帮助，拒绝让士兵进入家中。他们破门而入，抓住他，并将其带到辛辛那提的军事监狱。几天后，法兰迪加姆在辛辛那提的军事法庭接受审判。这将是我们下期建国史话中要讲述的故事。
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