VOA建国史话(翻译+字幕+讲解):美国的影响力开始向远方扩散
日期:2019-11-04 14:38

(单词翻译:单击)

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Welcome to the MAKING OF A NATION -- American history in VOA Special English. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the United States was not concerned much with events in other countries. It was too busy dealing with events inside its own borders. At that time, the nation was recovering from the Civil War. It was expanding to the West. And it was developing industries. As production increased, the United States began trading more and more with other countries. At the same time, it needed a new foreign policy to defend its interests. This week in our series, Maurice Joyce and Larry West discuss America's foreign policy in the late eighteen hundreds. A growing number of lawmakers called for a new foreign policy. One was Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts. Lodge said the great nations of the world were taking control of the world's undeveloped areas. As one of the great nations, Lodge said, the United States must not fall out of this line of march.
Another lawmaker said: "Fate has written our policy. The trade of the world must and shall be ours." Some of these ideas came from the writings of Captain Alfred Mahan. He was head of America's Naval War College. Mahan wrote that all the great nations in history had possessed great sea power. He said the United States must build up its sea power, too, if it wanted to be a great nation. Sea power, Mahan said, was more than a strong navy. It was an economy that could produce goods for export. It was trade ships that could carry the goods. It was colonies that could supply raw materials and markets. And it was overseas naval bases that could defend American interests far from home. The Washington Post newspaper described America's growing power this way: "A new understanding seems to have come upon us, an understanding of our strength. And with it, a new feeling -- we want to show our strength. We are face-to-face with a strange fate. The taste of empire is in the mouth of the people." The Washington Post was not speaking for everyone, of course. In fact, many American presidents of the late eighteen hundreds did not have this taste for empire. Yet they were forced to face the future. Changes were coming. And it was their responsibility to guide the nation through the changes.
For this reason, the United States entered into several agreements with foreign lands during the late eighteen hundreds. In eighteen seventy-eight, for example, the United States signed a treaty with Samoa. The United States agreed to help the South Pacific islands settle any differences with other nations. A few years later, the treaty was put to a test. A group of Germans living in Samoa forced the islands' ruler from power. They replaced him with a ruler who was more friendly to Germany. For a time, it seemed the United States and Germany would go to war. But when American warships arrived in Samoa, so did a big storm. The storm smashed both American and German ships. Neither side was left with a force strong enough to fight. In eighteen eighty-nine, the United States, Germany, and Britain agreed that Samoa should be an independent kingdom. For ten years, local leaders attempted to establish a strong government. Their efforts failed. In eighteen ninety-nine, Germany took control of Samoa's large western islands. The United States took control of the smaller islands to the east.

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Events in another group of Pacific Ocean islands affected American foreign policy in the late eighteen hundreds. These were the Hawaiian islands. Hawaii was an important port for American trade ships sailing between the United States and China. Good relations between Hawaii and the United States were necessary to keep the port open to American ships. In eighteen ninety-one, Liliuokalani became queen of Hawaii. She was not friendly to the United States. A group of American businessmen and planters in Hawaii plotted to oust her. The group started an uprising. Then it called on the United States for protection. Queen Liliuokalani was forced to surrender. The businessmen and planters formed a new government. They wanted Hawaii to be part of the United States. By the end of the century, Congress had made Hawaii an American territory. The United States also offered to serve as a negotiator in several international disputes during the late eighteen hundreds. One dispute involved Britain and Venezuela. Both countries claimed land that bordered the British colony of Guiana on the northeast coast of South America. The situation became tense when gold was discovered in the disputed area. The United States offered to negotiate an agreement. Britain refused the offer. The United States offered again. Britain refused again.
Finally, President Grover Cleveland asked the United States Congress to appoint a committee to decide the border. Before the American committee had a chance to meet, Britain and Venezuela agreed to let an international committee decide. In eighteen ninety-five, Cuban rebels revolted against the colonial government. They tried to destroy the economy of the island by burning private property. Spain sent a large force to Cuba to crush the revolt. Thousands of persons were arrested and put into prison camps. Many died of hunger and disease. Spain was denounced for its cruelty. It was difficult to get a true picture of what was happening in Cuba. American newspapers sent reporters to the island. But much of what they wrote about never happened. The reporters knew very well that exciting and horrifying stories sold newspapers. So, they made up stories about bloody battles and Spanish cruelty. One incident has become famous in American newspaper history. Publisher William Randolph Hearst sent artist Frederic Remington to Cuba to paint pictures of the fighting. Remington spent several months in Havana. He saw no fighting. He sent Hearst a message. Things were quiet, Remington said. There would be no war. Hearst sent back this answer: "You supply the pictures. I'll supply the war."
The newspaper built up strong public feeling against Spain. Soon, many Americans were calling for war to free Cuba from Spanish rule. William McKinley was president. He did not want the United States to become involved. He did, however, offer to help Spain find a solution that would return peace to the island. Spain refused the offer. It attempted to improve the situation in Cuba by itself. Spain called home the military commander accused of cruelty. It stopped putting people in prison camps. It offered equal political rights to all Cubans. And it promised them self-rule in the future. President McKinley welcomed Spain's policy statements. He felt Spain should be left alone to honor its promises to the Cuban people. He said the United States would not interfere. At about that time, however, riots broke out in Havana. President McKinley said it was his responsibility to protect the lives and property of Americans living there. So, he sent the battleship "Maine" to Havana. During the early weeks of eighteen ninety-eight, President McKinley waited for Spain to act on its promises to Cuba. He saw little progress. Relations between the United States and Spain became tense. Then, on the night of February fifteenth, a powerful explosion shook the battleship Maine in Havana harbor. The ship sank. More than two hundred fifty American sailors were dead. No one knew what caused the explosion on the battleship Maine. The United States said it was an underwater bomb. Spain said it was something on the ship itself. There was some evidence the explosion was caused by an accident in the ship's fuel tanks. Yet some people in the United States blamed Spain anyway. They demanded war. They cried: "Remember the Maine!" That will be our story next week.

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重点解析

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1.deal with 处理;对付

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She saw a psychiatrist who used hypnotism to help her deal with her fear.

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她去看了一位用催眠术帮她克服恐惧感的精神科医生qH&T#ws(3I16Le@;bQ

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2.expand to 扩大为;扩展到

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This requirement will gradually expand to include smaller public companies in the future.

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这一要求将在未来逐步扩展到包含更小的国有公司gD9gCl@!;_

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3.come upon 忽然想到;发现

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A sense of impending doom came upon all of us.

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我们所有人都有一种大难临头的感觉b_cM)xBJPL_Vy5~m4Zs

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4.attempt to 试图;尝试

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He made no attempt to conceal his dislike of me.

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他毫不掩饰对我的厌恶56uOiGAg2#~AOn[fAa

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参考译文

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欢迎收听VOA慢速英语之建国史话节目II^&^Vuv^W4UA(%。19世纪下半叶,美国不太关心其他国家的事件,而是忙于处理本国境内的事务7Uq9)s%NAOB。当时,美国正从内战中恢复过来,在向西部扩张,其工业正在发展之中4RVKH;m2Gg。随着产量的增加,美国开始与其他国家进行越来越多的贸易往来D,I]qwr|t=D。同时,它需要新的外交政策来捍卫自己的利益O;An&_w_A1fuhl!。在本周的系列节目中,莫里斯·乔伊斯和拉里·韦斯特将讨论1800年后期美国的外交政策=K)U&MojTK_EztD。越来越多的议员呼吁制定新的外交政策,一位是马萨诸塞州的亨利·卡博特·洛奇N[D+RBl3b8j#Th[6。洛奇表示,世界上的大国正在控制不发达地区,作为一个大国,美国决不能脱离这条路线]c559@_D5J!F6P
另一位立法者表示:“命运决定了我们的政策,世界贸易必须、也必将属于我们;8f@4yGaEDG。”其中一些想法来自阿尔弗雷德·马汉上尉的著作,他是美国海军战争学院的院长3CloyM3EFU。马汉写道,历史上所有伟大的国家都拥有强大的海上力量TY0YJHE]s-m%w!~FwcG。他表示,美国要想成为伟大的国家,也必须建立自己的海上力量N8#(Ft_3Traoe。马汉说,海权不仅仅是指强大的海军,它是一个可以生产出口商品的经济体,是能够运送货物的商船,是可以提供原材料和市场的殖民地,是可以在远离本土的地方保卫美国利益的海外海军基地dF3iZnJ=lbPv8O|2S。《华盛顿邮报》这样描述美国日益强大的力量:“我们似乎已经看到一种全新的理解,一种对我们力量的理解rCMX-^jfYD)8;;。拥有了这种新的理解,我们想要展示自己的力量x!7J%_!2C^eWl%qK7G。我们正面对一种陌生的未来,人们口中出现了帝国的味道=)SWb9eR3aJtPI!w。”当然,《华盛顿邮报》并不是为所有人讲话ICAUSTnI)[H4j。实际上,18世纪后期的许多美国总统,都没有这种帝国的品味JJwZhr(_suvm1PFzi6L。然而,他们被迫面对未来oJ8pMf-2x3jC。变化即将来临,他们有责任通过变化来指导国家^w0~T0l*p^yp^B
因此,在18世纪后期,美国与外国签订了数项协议yI28-6SkY[=+.R1。例如,在1878年的美国,美国与萨摩亚签署了一项条约#!2Lah4;h-Df;u8oO83。美国同意帮助南太平洋诸岛解决与其他国家的任何分歧h&%AgIBlQd,*p0y]p9。几年后,这项条约受到考验el|xT-QNsiY%7。生活在萨摩亚的一群德国人迫使该岛统治者下台,他们用对更亲德的统治者取代了他PFigW2K-.c*jf。有一段时间,美国和德国似乎要开战了WPUlwQ!U(CaYUyeJGU。但当美国军舰抵达萨摩亚时,一场大风暴也随之而来lrYPjp!Y1KP.w。风暴摧毁了美国和德国的船只,双方都没有足够的力量作战SDIOYzzT8D!YeWFP。1889年,美国、德国和英国同意萨摩亚应成为独立的王国48+OcY&q9O。10年来,地方领导人试图建立一个强大的政府,他们的努力失败了vhD.n9FdYQ#。1899年,德国控制了萨摩亚的西部大岛屿PHGtlt;&w.LJx^fx51G3。美国控制了东部较小的岛屿brlPw;%MZ=o
另一组太平洋岛屿上发生的事件,影响了美国在18世纪后期的外交政策jpZgZjA4I%g。这些岛屿就是夏威夷群岛%mgTE*lm~nVbooX。夏威夷是在中美之间航行的美国商船的重要港口,夏威夷和美国必须保持良好的关系,这样才能让港口对美国船只开放!8B6Y1MpgR。1891年,莉莉奥卡拉尼成为夏威夷女王Hlwi-;Xoh~hd5WUDG。她对美国并不友好,一群夏威夷的美国商人和种植园主密谋罢黜她vEUvD-.o3+USMVY^GxW#。这群人发动了起义,随后呼吁美国提供保护U|e#Czm=T~LR7。莉莉奥卡拉尼女王被迫投降_ub]vnfgZAG!9(-GB!。这些商人和种植园主组成了一个新政府,他们希望夏威夷成为美国的一部分FknsgwBobT5)。到本世纪末,国会已将夏威夷变成美国领土q7A,KklHYS968。美国还表示,愿意在1800年后期担任几个国际争端的谈判代表v%Y;@US_v[SUig#6。一场争端涉及英国和委内瑞拉sm+7ZN_y9IWmo;M~)。这两个国家都声称,拥有南美洲东北海岸与英国殖民地圭亚那接壤的土地Y.SkyG&s0m@。在争议地区发现黄金后,局势变得紧张起来XSx5mh,y@qb!7^B52。美国提出谈判达成一项协议,英国拒绝了这项提议XW;F(.acctjd2mK。美国再次提出请求,英国再次予以拒绝|OH]Y6|6RRov@^X
最后,总统克里夫兰要求美国国会任命一个委员会来决定边界事宜hqI%|3&6YlPEm。在美国委员会会面之前,英国和委内瑞拉同意让一个国际委员会来进行裁决S9hK00t~,by7+J&_。1895年,古巴叛军反抗殖民政府G-uAr=S_Bl。他们焚烧私人财产,试图破坏岛上的经济&#l&Q;edEYD[1。西班牙向古巴派遣了一支庞大的部队镇压叛乱,数以千计的人被逮捕,并关进了监狱1NJ@y0]Ul=Nz9t。许多人死于饥饿和疾病,西班牙因其残忍行迹而受到谴责_fpDF+wQ]Nrb。人们很难真正了解古巴当时的情况,美国报纸派记者到岛上去调查.;Rj~A%ERuR)u@6。但是他们写的很多事情都没有发生过,记者们很清楚,令人兴奋和恐怖的故事能让报纸畅销;WfzZ)f|E%qa7。所以,他们编造了关于血腥战争和西班牙暴行的各种故事Mh8W0m%Br-]@kEhq&。有一件事在美国报纸史上很有名tE~A|cRvFZ]。出版商威廉·兰多夫·赫斯特派艺术家弗雷德里克·雷明顿前往古巴,为这场战斗作画+twsk|0R6d&q^。雷明顿在哈瓦那呆了数月,都没看见战争evGN1[wPyZO3J=!4。他给赫斯特发去消息xkqbAgV)[iZ。事态很平静,雷明顿说,不会有战争Zuqy##rRNC。赫斯特回信说:“你提供画作,我来搞战争eMp,OUtUg|,0。”
这家报纸激起了公众对西班牙的强烈不满+.9f_Z5Nj@xGvr。很快,许多美国人呼吁发动战争,使古巴摆脱西班牙的统治+9jBJKxfPLR*.@@+_7-D。威廉·麦金利是总统,他不希望美国卷入其中5[JxUJQHhis;c。不过,他确实表示愿意帮助西班牙找到能让该岛恢复和平的解决方案~QY4BuDn^%dbMlbMp。西班牙拒绝了这项提议,它试图自己改善古巴的局势5Uwi+C_5Yor.。西班牙将被控残忍行迹的军事指挥官传唤回国,它不再把人关进监狱,而是给所有古巴人提供平等的政治权利,并向他们承诺将来会实现自治,V3IclSdf6GZnS。麦金利总统接受西班牙的政策声明,他认为西班牙应该独善其身,履行对古巴人民的承诺i[g95|w_TNih。他表示,美国不会加以干涉fhhHW=)^yZuqLhEOjnA。然而,大约就在那时,哈瓦那爆发了骚乱-|;On1pLp^T!r;。麦金利总统说,他有责任保护居住在那里的美国人的生命和财产_Pu%&tUvI=2Tj%n@GfF。所以,他派“缅因”号战舰前往哈瓦那T7rrch3Pk-nn。在1898年的最初几周,麦金利总统等待西班牙兑现对古巴的承诺&15jhINo5AFGNd2Ft=^P。但他却没看到什么进展,美国和西班牙之间的关系变得紧张起来d-)it!s=AY1T1q9。2月15日晚,哈瓦那港的缅因号战列舰发生强烈爆炸w1.|I;Z;4;。战舰沉了,250多名美国水手丧生BHlhw+67JE。没人知道缅因号战舰爆炸的原因,美国说是由于一枚水下炸弹,西班牙是由战舰上的东西造成的KczNj@W[]W1J=1。有证据表明,爆炸是由战舰上的油箱事故所致NO6XG+ZSLONTX2Sj。然而,一些美国人指责西班牙,他们要求发动战争%7(kZ9NHE@#m。他们疾呼:“记住缅因号!”这将是我们下周要讲述的故事%;zj*SJJ^+pyL

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译文为可可英语翻译,未经授权请勿转载!

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