(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
George Washington did not belong to a political party. There were no political parties in America at that time. This does not mean all Americans held the same political beliefs. They did not. But there were no established organizations that offered candidates for elections. Two such organizations began to take shape during President Washington's first administration. One was called the Federalists. Its leader was Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. The other was called the Republicans. Its leader was Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. Each group represented the political beliefs of its leader. Hamilton and the Federalists wanted a strong national government with a powerful president and courts. They supported policies that helped bankers and wealthy businessmen. They urged close economic and diplomatic ties with Britain. They did not like democracy, which they described as mob rule. The Federalist Party led by Alexander Hamilton was not the same as an earlier group also called Federalists. The word was used to describe those who supported the new American Constitution. Those who opposed the Constitution were known as anti-Federalists.
Some early Federalists, like Hamilton, later became members of the Federalist Party. They were extremely powerful. They controlled the Congress during the presidency of George Washington. And they almost controlled Washington himself, through his dependence on Alexander Hamilton. Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans supported the Constitution as a plan of government. But they did not think the Constitution gave the national government unlimited powers. They supported policies that helped the nation's farmers and small businessmen. They urged closer ties with the French people, who were rebelling against their king. And they demanded more rights, more democracy, for the people of the United States. The men who led these two groups were very different. Alexander Hamilton of the aristocratic Federalists was not born to an established, upper-class American family. He was born in the West Indies to a man and woman who were not married. However, Hamilton was educated in America. And he gained a place in society by marrying the daughter of a wealthy landowner in New York state.
Money and position were important to Hamilton. He believed men of money and position should govern the nation. Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic Republicans could have been what Alexander Hamilton wanted to be. Through his mother, he was distantly related to British noblemen. And he liked fine food, wine, books, and music. But Jefferson had great respect for simple farmers and for the men who opened America's western lands to settlement. He believed they, too, had a right to govern the nation. Both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson were loyal Americans. Yet they held completely opposing opinions on how America's government should operate. Their personal disagreements turned into a public dispute when they served in President Washington's cabinet. The two men did not argue directly in public, however. They fought their war of words in two newspapers. Both knew the power of the press. Jefferson, especially, felt the need for newspapers in a democracy. He believed they provided the only way for a large population to know the truth. He once said: "If I had to choose between a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I would choose newspapers without a government."
Hamilton already had experience in using newspapers for political purposes. During the American Revolutionary War, Hamilton served as an assistant to George Washington, the commander-in-chief. One of his jobs was to get money and supplies for the army. Hamilton asked the thirteen state governments. He also asked the Congress, which had little political power at that time. He got almost no help from either. Hamilton felt the new system of government under the Articles of Confederation was weak and disorganized. He did not think the states should have so much power. What America needed, he said, was a strong central government. Without it, the Confederation would break apart. Hamilton expressed his opinions in several newspaper articles. He did not put his own name on the articles. He signed them "The Continentalist." He soon became one of the strongest voices calling for a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation. This was the convention that finally met in Philadelphia in seventeen eighty-seven and wrote the American Constitution. Hamilton was one of the delegates. Afterwards, he helped write a series of newspaper articles to win support for the Constitution.
These were the Federalist Papers, written together with James Madison and John Jay. When Hamilton became treasury secretary under President Washington, he continued to use the press. Only now, he was trying to win support for his own policies. Hamilton spoke through a newspaper called the Gazette of the United States. Its editor was John Fenno. Jefferson won the support of several newspapers. But these were not part of his political movement. It was important, he felt, to have one newspaper speak for him. James Madison found it for him. It would be edited by Madison's old friend Philip Freneau. It would be called the National Gazette. Most of the people who supported Hamilton lived in the cities of the northeast. They were the nation's bankers and big businessmen. They were lawyers, doctors, and clergymen. Jefferson respected Hamilton's political power.
But he saw that Hamilton did not have a national organization of common people. In the seventeen nineties, ninety percent of Americans were farmers, laborers, and small businessmen. They were bitter over government policies that always seemed to help bankers, big landowners, and wealthy businessmen. They had no political party to speak for them. These were the people Thomas Jefferson wanted to reach. Jefferson's task was big. Many of these Americans knew little of what was happening outside their local area. Many were not permitted to vote, because they did not own property. Jefferson looked at the situation in each state. Almost everywhere he found local political groups fighting against state laws that helped the rich. Here was what Jefferson needed. If these local groups could be brought together into a national party, the Federalists would finally have some organized opposition. Jefferson's party included rich men and poor men. They joined together to fight what they saw as a misuse of power by Federalists in the national government. We will continue our story next week.
重点解析
1.upper-class上层社会
My mother was born into an upper-class American family.
我的母亲生长在一个上层阶级的美国家庭。
2.joined together结合
The most striking eyes among the reptiles have lower and upper eyelids joined together, leaving one large hole for the pupil to see through.
最令人震惊的是蜥蜴的上下眼睑是连在一起的，这特点让它的眼睛只留下了一个比较大的孔瞳孔接收光线。
3.fighting against反对
Libyan doctors treat an injured rebel, who was wounded during the fighting against pro-Qaddafi fighters, at a hospital in the town of Ras Lanouf, eastern Libya, Tuesday, March 8, 2011.
2011年3月8日，星期二，利比亚东部，在拉斯拉纳夫镇的一家医院内，医生们对一名受伤的反叛者进行治疗，他是在与卡扎非支持者的战斗中负伤的。
4.calling for要求
The crew of the ship are calling for a raise in pay.
这艘轮船上的全体船员正在要求增加工资。
5.turned into变成
The exploration of a new world has turned into business as usual.
对新世界的探索已经转变成了寻常的商业行为。
参考译文
乔治·华盛顿不属于任何党派。当时美国没有政党。这并不意味着所有美国人都有相同的政治信仰。他们的政治信仰不同。但是，并没有现成的组织为选举提供候选人。两大政党在华盛顿总统的第一届任期里开始形成。一个是联邦党。它的领导人是财政部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿。另一个是共和党。它的领导人是国务卿托马斯·杰斐逊。每个领导人的政治信仰分别代表每个政党的政治理念。汉密尔顿和联邦党人想要建立联邦政府，总统和法院拥有强大的权力。他们支持对银行家和富商有利的政策，敦促与英国建立密切的经济和外交关系。他们不喜欢民主，称民主为暴民统治。亚历山大·汉密尔顿领导的联邦党与早期的联邦主义者不同。早期的联邦主义者用来形容那些支持美国新宪法的人。那些反对宪法的人被称为反联邦主义者。早期的联邦主义者，如汉密尔顿，后来成为联邦党的成员。他们非常强大。乔治·华盛顿担任总统期间控制着国会。由于乔治·华盛顿依赖亚历山大·汉密尔顿，所以他们几乎控制着华盛顿。托马斯·杰斐逊和共和党人支持按照宪法创立政府。但他们不认为宪法赋予了联邦政府无限的权力。
他们支持帮助农民和小商人的政策，敦促与反抗国王统治的法国人民建立更紧密的联系，要求为美国人民争取更多的权利和民主。这两组领导人非常不一样。贵族联邦党人的亚历山大·汉密尔顿并非出生在美国上流社会家庭。他出生在西印度群岛，父母并没有结婚。然而，汉密尔顿是在美国接受的教育。他娶了纽约州一位富有地主的女儿，从而确立自己的社会地位。金钱和地位对汉密尔顿来说很重要。他认为治理国家的人应该有钱有势。民主党共和党人托马斯·杰斐逊本可以成为亚历山大·汉密尔顿想成为的那种人。杰斐逊通过他母亲与英国贵族成为远亲。他喜欢美食、美酒、书籍和音乐。但是杰斐逊对朴实的农民、开拓美国西部土地的人充满了敬意。他认为，这些人也有权利治理国家。亚历山大·汉密尔顿和托马斯·杰斐逊都是忠诚的美国人。然而，对于美国政府应该如何运作，他们持有完全相反的观点。当他们在华盛顿总统的政府里任职期间，他们的个人分歧演变成公开的辩论。不过，两人并未公开直接辩论，而是在两家报纸上进行了口舌之战。两人都深知媒体的力量。杰斐逊尤其认为，在民主体制下报纸的必要性。他认为报纸是许多人了解真相的唯一途径。
他曾说：“如果要我在没有报纸的政府和没有政府的报纸之间做出选择的话，我会选择没有政府的报纸。”汉密尔顿也曾有过将报纸用于政治的经历。美国独立战争期间，汉密尔顿担任军事总指挥乔治·华盛顿的助手。他的职责之一是为军队筹集资金和物资。汉密尔顿询问了13个州的政府和当时几乎没有政治权力的国会。但几乎没有得到任何帮助。汉密尔顿认为《邦联条例》下的新政府体制力量薄弱，组织涣散。他认为，各州不应该有这么大的权力。他说，美国需要的是一个强大的中央政府。否则，国家就会分裂。汉密尔顿在几篇报纸文章中表达了他的观点。他没有在文章上签署自己的名字。而是签署了"大陆主义者"汉密尔顿很快就成为要求召开会议修改《联邦条例》的主要倡导人之一。结果最终促成了1787年的费城大会，并起草了美国第一部宪法。汉密尔顿是代表之一。后来，他帮助撰写了一系列的报纸文章，为宪法赢得了支持。这就是《联邦党人文集》，由詹姆斯·麦迪逊和约翰·杰伊共同撰写。当汉密尔顿担任华盛顿总统手下的财政部长时，他继续依靠媒体的力量。直到现在，他还在努力为自己的政策赢得支持。
汉密尔顿通过一份名为《美国公报》的报纸发表了讲话，编辑是约翰·芬诺。杰斐逊赢得了几家报纸的支持。但这些都不是他政治运动的组成部分。他觉得有一份报纸替他发声很重要。詹姆斯·麦迪逊帮他找到了这样的一份报纸。编辑是麦迪逊的老朋友菲利普·弗瑞诺，被称为《国家公报》。大多数支持汉密尔顿的人都住在东北部的城市。他们是国家的银行家、大商人、律师、医生和牧师。杰斐逊尊重汉密尔顿的政治实力。但他看到汉密尔顿没有一个由平民组成的全国性组织。18世纪90年代，美国90%的人口是农民、劳工和小商人。他们对政府的政策似乎总是对银行家、大地主和富商有利怨声载道。他们没有政党替他们说话。托马斯·杰斐逊希望吸引这批人。杰斐逊的任务很艰巨。许多美国人对外部世界的动向知之甚少。许多人不允许投票，因为他们没有财产。杰斐逊研究了各州的情况。他发现几乎所有地方的政治团体都在反对于富人有利的州立法。这就是杰弗逊需要做的：将这些地方团体组成一个全国性的政党，跟联邦党对抗。杰斐逊的政党包括富人和穷人。他们联合起来反对联邦主义者滥用国家政府的权力。下周我们将继续我们的故事。
译文为可可英语翻译，未经授权请勿转载！
