(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
Today, we tell about the movement of European settlers throughout northeastern America. And we tell how the separate colonies developed in this area. The Puritans were one of the largest groups from England to settle in the northeastern area called Massachusetts. They began arriving in sixteen thirty. The Puritans had formed the Massachusetts Bay Company in England. The king had given the company an area of land between the Charles and Merrimack rivers. The Puritans were Protestants who did not agree with the Anglican Church. The Puritans wanted to change the church to make it more holy. They were able to live as they wanted in Massachusetts. Soon they became the largest religious group. By sixteen ninety, fifty thousand people were living in Massachusetts. Puritans thought their religion was the only true religion and everyone should believe in it. They also believed that church leaders should lead the local government, and all people in the colony should pay to support the Puritan church. The Puritans thought it was the job of government leaders to tell people what to believe. Some people did not agree with the Puritans who had become leaders of the colony.
One of those who disagreed was a Puritan minister named Roger Williams. Roger Williams believed as all Puritans did that other European religions were wrong. He thought the Native Indian religions were wrong too. But he did not believe in trying to force others to agree with him. He thought that it was a sin to punish or kill anyone in the name of Christianity. And he thought that only church members should pay to support their church. Roger Williams began speaking and writing about his ideas. He wrote a book saying it was wrong to punish people for having different beliefs. Then he said that the European settlers were stealing the Indians' land. He said the king of England had no right to permit people to settle on land that was not his, but belonged to the Indians. The Puritan leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony forced Roger Williams to leave the colony in sixteen thirty-six. He traveled south. He bought land from local Indians and started a city, Providence. The Parliament in England gave him permission to establish a new colony, Rhode Island, with Providence as its capital.
As a colony, Rhode Island accepted people of all religious beliefs, including Catholics, Quakers, Jews and even people who denied the existence of God. Roger Williams also believed that governments should have no connection to a church. This idea of separating church and state was very new. Later it became one of the most important of all America's governing ideas. Other colonies were started by people who left Massachusetts to seek land. One was Connecticut. A group led by Puritan minister Thomas Hooker left Boston in sixteen thirty-six and went west. They settled near the Connecticut River. Others soon joined them. Other groups from Massachusetts traveled north to find new homes. The king of England had given two friends a large piece of land in the north. The friends divided it. John Mason took what later became the colony of New Hampshire. Ferdinando Gorges took the area that later became the state of Maine. It never became a colony, however. It remained a part of Massachusetts until after the United States was created. The area known today as New York State was settled by the Dutch. They called it New Netherland. Their country was the Netherlands.
It was a great world power, with colonies all over the world. A business called the Dutch West India Company owned most of the colonies. The Dutch claimed American land because of explorations by Henry Hudson, an Englishman working for the Netherlands. The land the Dutch claimed was between the Puritans in the north and the Anglican tobacco farmers in the south. The Dutch were not interested in settling the territory. They wanted to earn money. The Dutch West India Company built trading posts on the rivers claimed by the Netherlands. People in Europe wanted to buy goods made from the skins of animals trapped there. In sixteen twenty-six, the Dutch West India Company bought two islands from the local Indians. The islands are Manhattan Island and Long Island. Traditional stories say the Dutch paid for the islands with some trade goods worth about twenty-four dollars. The Dutch West India Company tried to find people to settle in America. But few Dutch wanted to leave Europe. So the colony welcomed people from other colonies, and other countries.
These people built a town on Manhattan Island. They called it New Amsterdam. It was soon full of people who had arrived on ships from faraway places. It was said you could hear as many as eighteen different languages spoken in New Amsterdam. In sixteen fifty-five, the governor of New Netherland took control of a nearby Swedish colony on Delaware Bay. In sixteen sixty-four, the English did the same to the Dutch. The English seized control of New Amsterdam and called it New York. That ended Dutch control of the territory that now is the states of New York, New Jersey and Delaware. Most of the Dutch in New Amsterdam did not leave. The English permitted everyone to stay. They let the Dutch have religious freedom. The Dutch were just not in control any more. The Duke of York owned the area now. He was the brother of King Charles the Second of England. The king gave some of the land near New York to two friends, Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley. They called it New Jersey, after the English island where Carteret was born. The two men wrote a plan of government for their colony.
It created an assembly that represented the settlers. It provided for freedom of religion. Men could vote in New Jersey whatever their religion. Soon, people from all parts of Europe were living in New Jersey. Then King Charles took control of the area. He sent a royal governor to rule. But the colonists were permitted to make their own laws through the elected assembly. The king of England did the same in each colony he controlled. He collected taxes from the people who lived there, but permitted them to govern themselves. One religious group that was not welcome in England was the Quakers. Quakers call themselves Friends. They believe that each person has an inner light that leads them to God. Quakers believe they do not need a religious leader to tell them what is right. So, they had no clergy. Quakers believe that all people are equal. The Quakers in England refused to recognize the king as more important than anyone else. They also refused to pay taxes to support the Anglican Church. Quakers believe that it is always wrong to kill. So they would not fight even when they were forced to join the army.
They also refuse to promise loyalty to a king or government or flag or anyone but God. The English did not like the Quakers for all these reasons. Many Quakers wanted to leave England, but they were not welcome in most American colonies. One Quaker changed this. His name was William Penn. William Penn was not born a Quaker. He became one as a young man. His father was an Anglican, and a good friend of the king. King Charles borrowed money from William's father. When his father died, William Penn asked that the debt be paid with land in America. In sixteen eighty-one, the king gave William Penn land which the King's Council named Pennsylvania, meaning Penn's woods. The Quakers now had their own colony. It was between the Puritans in the north and the Anglicans in the south. William Penn said the colony should be a place where everyone could live by Quaker ideas. That meant treating all people as equals and honoring all religions. It also meant that anyone could be elected. In most other colonies, people could believe any religion, but they could not vote or hold office unless they were a member of the majority church. In Pennsylvania, all religions were equal.
重点解析
1.take control of 控制了
We, each of us, can take control of the world.
我们，我们每一个人，都能够控制这个世界。
2.refused to 拒绝
They refused to bow force.
他们拒绝在暴力面前低头。
3.Puritans 清教徒
Settlers from England followed the path of the first Puritans to occupy New England in the northeastern part of the country.
来自英国的移民沿着第一批清教徒的路线，占据了美国东北部的新英格兰地区。
4.settle on 选定；授与；停在
My interests have changed, and I’ll probably go back to school once I settle on whatever it is I think I want to do!
我的兴趣已经变了，也许我会回到当初我选定的学校，无论怎样，那是想做的。
5.Quakers 贵格会；贵格会信徒
But the Quakers were primarily a religious group, whose beliefs led them to nonviolence.
但是，贵格会主要是一个宗教组织，他们的非暴力主张的基础是他们的信仰。
参考译文
今天，我们为您讲述欧洲人定居到美洲东北部，还有这些独立的殖民地是如何在该地区发展起来的故事。清教徒是英国人在美洲东北部（现在的马萨诸塞州）定居人数最多的群体之一。1630年，清教徒开始到达，并在英国成立了马萨诸塞湾公司。英国国王把从查尔斯河到梅里马克河之间的土地赐给了他们。清教徒是新教徒，不支持英国国教，他们想要改变教会，让教会更神圣。他们可以在马萨诸塞州按照自己的意愿生活。很快，该宗教发展成为规模最大的宗教团体。到1690年，生活在马萨诸塞州的人数达5万人。清教徒认为，他们的宗教是唯一真正的宗教，每个人都应该信奉。他们还认为教会领袖应该领导地方政府，殖民地的所有人都应该出资支持清教徒教会。清教徒认为，政府领导人的职责就是告诉人们应该相信什么。有些人不同意身为殖民地领袖的清教徒的观点。其中包括一位名叫罗杰·威廉姆斯的清教徒牧师。罗杰·威廉姆斯和其他所有清教徒一样也认为其他欧洲宗教是错误的，土著印第安人的宗教也是错误的。但他认为强迫别人同意他的观点是不对的。他认为以基督教的名义惩罚或杀害任何人是一种罪过，只有教会成员才应该出资来支持他们的教会。罗杰·威廉姆斯通过演说和写作来表达自己的观点。他写了一本书，里面说惩罚信仰不同的人是不对的。然后他表示，欧洲定居者正在窃取印第安人的土地。他说，英国国王无权允许人们在不属于自己而是属于印第安人的土地上定居。
马萨诸塞湾殖民地的清教徒领袖迫使罗杰·威廉姆斯在1636年离开殖民地，罗杰·威廉姆斯南下，从当地的印第安人手中买下土地，建立了一座新城市——普罗维登斯。英国议会准许他以普罗维登斯为首都在罗德岛建立新的殖民地。作为殖民地，罗德岛接纳各种宗教信仰的人们，包括天主教徒、贵格会教徒、犹太人甚至那些否认上帝存在的人。罗杰·威廉姆斯也认同政教分离。政教分离理念很新，后来成为美洲最重要的执政理念之一。一些人为了寻找土地离开马萨诸塞州建立其它殖民地，康涅狄格就是其中之一。1636年，清教徒牧师托马斯·胡克领导的一群人离开波士顿，向西进发。他们在康涅狄格河边定居，很快其他人也加入其中。来自马萨诸塞州的其它团体向北进发建立新的家园。英国国王把北面的一大块土地给了两个朋友。朋友把土地分开，约翰·梅森夺取了后来我们称为新罕布夏殖民地的土地。费迪南多·戈尔格斯占领了后来缅因州地区。然而，缅因州从未发展成为殖民地，美洲成立之前，缅因州一直是马萨诸塞州的一部分。荷兰人定居在今天的美洲纽约州一带。他们把这一带称为新荷兰，他们的祖国是荷兰。当时荷兰是世界强国，在世界各地都拥有殖民地。大部分殖民地都归“荷兰西印度公司”所有。
荷兰人宣称在美洲占领的土地是因为英国探险家亨利·哈德森。荷兰领地位于北部的清教徒和南部的圣公会烟草农场主之间。荷兰人对定居在这块领土上并不感兴趣，他们想赚钱。荷兰西印度公司在水路上建立了贸易站。欧洲人想买用动物皮毛制成的商品。1626年，荷兰西印度公司从当地印第安人手中购买了两个岛屿。分别是曼哈顿岛和长岛。流传下来的说法是，荷兰人用大约价值24美元的商品买下了这些岛屿。荷兰西印度公司试图找人在美洲定居。但大多数荷兰人不想离开欧洲。所以殖民地向其它殖民地和其它国家的人们开放。这些人在曼哈顿岛建造了一座城镇，称为新阿姆斯特丹。很快，很多人乘船远道而来。据说，当时你能在新阿姆斯特丹听到多达18种不同的语言。1655年，新荷兰州长占领了特拉华湾附近的一个瑞典殖民地。1664年，英国人占领了荷兰人的一些土地。英国人占领了新阿姆斯特丹，改名为纽约。从而结束了荷兰对该地区（现在的纽约州、新泽西州和特拉华州）的控制。新阿姆斯特丹的大多数荷兰人没有离开。英国人允许他们留下，给予他们宗教自由，荷兰人不再受到控制。该地当时归约克伯爵（英国国王查理二世的弟弟）所有。国王把纽约附近的一些土地给了两位朋友，乔治·卡特莱特爵士和约翰·伯克利勋爵。他们称这块土地为新泽西，新泽西是英国的一个岛屿，是卡特莱特爵士出生的地方。二人为治理新泽西殖民地提出一份政府计划，成立了定居者代表会议，保证宗教自由。在新泽西州，无论什么宗教，男性都享有投票权。不久，欧洲各地的人们都前往新泽西定居。后来，查尔斯国王控制了该地区，他派了一位皇家总督来治理。但是当地殖民者可以通过选举大会自行立法。英国国王对他控制的每一个殖民地的要求都是一样。
殖民者必须纳税，但可以自治。贵格会在英国不受欢迎。他们自称为教友派，它们相信每个人都有一种灯光指引他们走向上帝。贵格会教徒认为无须宗教领袖来告诉他们什么是正确的，所以贵格会没有牧师。贵格会教徒相信人生来平等，拒绝承认国王高人一等。他们还拒绝为支持圣公会而纳税。贵格会教徒认为杀戮在任何情况下都是错误的。所以他们即使被迫参军也不会去打仗。他们也拒绝承诺效忠国王、政府、国旗或除上帝以外的任何人。由于这些原因，英国人不喜欢贵格会。许多贵格会教徒想离开英国，但他们在大多数美洲殖民地并不受欢迎。一名贵格会教徒改变了这一切，他的名字叫威廉·佩恩。威廉·佩恩并不是出生于贵格会教徒之家。佩恩年轻时就是这样。他的父亲是圣公会教徒，也是国王的好朋友。查尔斯国王向威廉的父亲借钱。父亲去世之后，威廉·佩恩要求用美洲大陆的土地来偿还债务。1681年，国王将宾夕法尼亚的土地给了威廉·佩恩，并取名为Pennsylvania，意思是佩恩的林地贵格会教徒有了自己的殖民地，位于北方的清教徒和南方的圣公会教徒之间。威廉·佩恩表示，每个人都要按着贵格会的理念生活在这片土地上。这意味着平等对待所有的人，尊重所有的宗教。这也意味着任何人都可以当选。在多数其它殖民地，人们可以信仰任何宗教，但是只有多数教会的成员才享有投票或是当选公职的权利。在宾夕法尼亚，所有的宗教一律平等。
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