VOA建国史话(翻译+字幕+讲解):杰克逊面对的难题——联邦的权利
日期:2019-03-20 18:00

(单词翻译:单击)

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Welcome to the MAKING OF A NATION –American history in VOA Special English. In our last few programs, we describedthe presidential election campaign of eighteen-twenty-eight. It split the oldRepublican Party of Thomas Jefferson into two hostile groups: the NationalRepublicans of John Quincy Adams and the Democrats of Andrew Jackson. Theelection of Jackson deepened the split. It became more serious as a new disputearose over import taxes. This week in our series, Maurice Joyce and StewartSpencer continue the story of Andrew Jackson's presidency.

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Congress passed a bill in eighteentwenty-eight that put high taxes on a number of imported products. The purposeof the import tax was to protect American industries from foreign competition. TheSouth opposed the tax, because it had no industry to protect. Its chief productwas cotton, which was exported to Europe. The American import taxes forcedEuropean nations to put taxes on American cotton. This meant a drop in the saleof cotton and less money for the planters of the South. It also meant higherprices in the American market for manufactured goods. South Carolina refused topay the import tax. It said the tax was not constitutional, that theconstitution did not give the federal government the power to order aprotective tax. At one time, the vice president of the United States -- John C.Calhoun of South Carolina -- had believed in a strong central government. Buthe had become a strong supporter of states' rights. Calhoun wrote a longstatement against the import tax for the South Carolina legislature. In it, hedeveloped the idea of nullification -- cancelling federal powers. He said thestates had created the federal government and, therefore, the states had thegreater power. He argued that the states could reject, or nullify, any act ofthe central government which was not constitutional. And, Calhoun said, thestates should be the judge of whether an act was constitutional or not.

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Calhoun'sidea was debated in the Senate by Robert Hayne of South Carolina and DanielWebster of Massachusetts. Hayne supported nullification, and Webster opposedit. Webster said Hayne was wrong in using the words "liberty first, andunion afterwards." He said they could not be separated. Said Webster:"Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable." No onereally knew how President Andrew Jackson felt about nullification. He made nopublic statement during the debate. Leaders in South Carolina developed a planto get the president's support. They decided to hold a big dinner honoring thememory of Thomas Jefferson. Jackson agreed to be at the dinner. The speecheswere carefully planned. They began by praising the democratic ideas ofJefferson. Then speakers discussed Virginia's opposition to the alien andsedition laws passed by the federal government in seventeen-ninety-eight. Nextthey discussed South Carolina's opposition to the import tax. Finally, thespeeches were finished. It was time for toasts. President Jackson made thefirst one. He stood up, raised his glass, and looked straight at John C.Calhoun. He waited for the cheering to stop. "Our union," he said,"it must be preserved." Calhoun rose with the others to drink thetoast. He had not expected Jackson's opposition to nullification. His handshook, and he spilled some of the wine from his glass.

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Calhoun was called on to make the nexttoast. The vice president rose slowly. "The union," he said,"next to our liberty, most dear." He waited a moment, then,continued. "May we all remember that it can only be preserved byrespecting the rights of the states and by giving equally the benefits andburdens of the union." President Jackson left a few minutes later. Most ofthose at dinner left with him. The nation now knew how the president felt. Andthe people were with him -- opposed to nullification. But the idea was not deadamong the extremists of South Carolina. They were to start more trouble twoyears later. Calhoun's nullification doctrine was not the only thing thatdivided Jackson and the vice president. Calhoun had led a campaign against thewife of Jackson's friend and secretary of war, John Eaton. Three members ofJackson's cabinet supported Calhoun. Mister Calhoun and the three cabinet wiveswould have nothing to do with Mister Eaton. Jackson saw this as a politicaltrick to try to force Eaton from the cabinet, and make Jackson look foolish atthe same time. The hostility between Jackson and his vice president wassharpened by a letter that was written by a member of President Monroe'scabinet. It told how Calhoun wanted Jackson arrested in eighteen-eighteen.

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The letter writer, William Crawford, was inthe cabinet with Calhoun. Jackson had led a military campaign into SpanishFlorida and had hanged two British citizens. Calhoun proposed during a cabinetmeeting that Jackson be punished. Jackson did not learn of this untileighteen-twenty-nine. Jackson wanted no further communications with Calhoun. Severalattempts were made to soften relations between Calhoun and Jackson. One of themseemed to succeed. Jackson told Secretary of State Martin van Buren that thedispute had been settled. He said the unfriendly letters that he and Calhounsent each other would be destroyed. And he said he would invite the vicepresident to have dinner with him at the White House. With the dispute ended,Calhoun thought he saw a way to destroy his rival for the presidency --Secretary of State Martin van Buren. He decided not to destroy the letters heand Jackson sent to each other. Instead, he had a pamphlet written, using theletters. The pamphlet also contained the statement of several persons denyingthe Crawford charges. And, it accused Mister van Buren of using Crawford to tryto split Jackson and Calhoun. One of Calhoun's men took a copy of the pamphletto Secretary Eaton and asked him to show it to President Jackson. He told Eatonthat the pamphlet would not be published without Jackson's approval. Eaton didnot show the pamphlet to Jackson and said nothing to Calhoun's men.

Calhoununderstood this silence to mean that Jackson did not object to the pamphlet. Sohe had it published and given to the public. Jackson exploded when he read it.Not only had Calhoun failed to destroy the letters, he had published them.Jackson's newspaper, the Washington Globe, accused Calhoun of throwing afirebomb into the party. Jackson declared that Calhoun and his supporters hadcut their own throats. Only later did Calhoun discover what had gone wrong. Eaton had not shown the pamphlet to Jackson.He had not even spoken to the president about it. This was Eaton's way ofpunishing those who treated his wife so badly. Jackson continued to defendMargaret Eaton's honor. He even held a cabinet meeting on the subject. All thesecretaries but John Eaton were there. Jackson told them that he did not wantto interfere in their private lives. But, he said it seemed that their familieswere trying to get others to have nothing to do with Mister Eaton. "I willnot part with John Eaton," Jackson said. "And those of my cabinet whocannot harmonize with him had better withdraw. I must and I will haveharmony." Jackson said any insult to Eaton would be an insult to himself.Either work with Eaton or resign. There were no resignations. But the problemgot no better. Many people just would not accept Margaret Eaton as their socialequal. Mister van Buren saw that the problem was hurting Jackson deeply. But heknew better than to propose to Jackson that he ask for Secretary Eaton'sresignation. He already had heard Jackson say that he would resign as presidentbefore he would desert his friend Eaton.DP_91t9,lgN|+

重点解析

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1.believe in 相信;信奉

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I believe in the institution of marriage.

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我相信婚姻制度d,7n7^ngd;

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2.stand up 起立;竖立

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I tried to stand up, but I was completely exhausted.

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我企图站起来,可是已经筋疲力尽了SKO6W_sAC_g

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3.learn of 得知;获悉

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It gave us much pain to learn of the news.

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我们听到这个消息十分悲痛g%FMmr;uF|A@3l7j

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4.try to 设法;试图

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We anticipated the enemy would try to cross the river, so we decided to destroy the bridge.

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我们预料到敌人会通过这条河,所以我们决定把桥摧毁4w8N1dp_G~vy|;

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参考译文

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欢迎收听VOA慢速英语之建国史话节目!Ci5%fypc)9ebexL。前面几期节目中,我们介绍了1828年总统选举活动#S^#^bWr]9~(。这场选举将托马斯·杰斐逊建立的旧共和党分裂成两个敌对团体:约翰·昆西·亚当斯带领的国家共和党和安德鲁·杰克逊领导的民主党vQIOUt%0S|。杰克逊的当选使分裂更为深化!aa=HVdru,bfa*H3=o]2。随着新出现的进口税争议,情况变得更加严重HKoi+9sM5qteBpWcC。本周的节目中,莫里斯·乔伊斯和斯图尔特·斯宾塞将继续为您讲述安德鲁·杰克逊总统任职期间的故事GBeWL3kO,I

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国会于1828年通过了一项法案,对一些进口产品征收高额税费1i3KHlDPN7T-z(v。征收进口税的目的是保护美国工业免受外国的竞争威胁LIhO6S#!k&2(^Kt^#w。南方反对征收此税,因为他们没有需要保护的行业,他们的主要产品是出口到欧洲的棉花qS)=l=PguEM06b。美国的进口税迫使欧洲国家对美国棉花征税,这意味着棉花销量下降,南方种植者的利润减少,同时也意味着美国工业品市场价格上涨Ug.E;jq.8bKA|。南卡罗来纳州拒绝支付进口税,该州表示税收不符合宪法,宪法没有赋予联邦政府下达征收保护税的权力*sTFhP~dl;IZJ。美国副总统南卡罗来纳州的约翰·C·卡尔霍恩一度信奉中央政府应强大的观点,但他后来成为支持各州权利的坚定拥护者%U,E];.(gp(nByYy@。卡尔霍恩书写了一篇反对南卡罗来纳州立法机构征收进口税的声明,这份声明篇幅很长~B7,8*bs%T9ur_6p。其中,他提出了无效原则,即取消联邦权力|nx^EWU!e9GM[9。他说各州建立了联邦政府,因此各州拥有更大的权力seqA3B#*b]hC%。他认为,各州可以拒绝或取消中央政府的任何非宪法行为@ik7P6KsZsG((。卡尔霍恩还说,应由各州判断一项行为是否符合宪法Z;A9b!Jejs2

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卡尔霍恩的想法在参议院由南卡罗来纳州的罗伯特·海恩和马萨诸塞州的丹尼尔·韦伯斯特进行辩论ki*6GQn~W+^nmL。海恩支持无效原则,韦伯斯特表示反对@AE]gBroN0*!sg@X。韦伯斯特说,海恩使用“自由在先,联邦在后”这种表达是错误的,这两者不能分开2KFHh#n-X0h.V*。他表示:“自由联邦,直到永远,它们是不可分割的整体brSs#1Qw0EdCU|fb,~。”没有人真正知道安德鲁·杰克逊总统对无效原则的看法F;A#_d+0cO|+~oM98。他在辩论中没有公开发表声明ZDWjRf-Ou6MaW89c。南卡罗来纳州的领导人策划了一个方案,以便获得总统的支持1p%0Cz7wgu,pBL6=ooM。他们决定举办盛大晚宴,纪念托马斯杰斐逊,杰克逊同意参加晚宴jg(o@,2[8d!8DMh。他们发表了精心策划的演讲,首先是赞扬杰斐逊的民主思想3osiSrIa_N6h]RVb(JAR。随后,发言者讨论了弗吉尼亚州对联邦政府于1978年通过的外籍人员和煽动叛乱法的反对意见BHPOpW9]-5+ixc]。接下来,还讨论了南卡罗来纳州反对进口税的问题U3Rn8)fZKqO0~lQh@m。最后,演讲结束,大家饮酒庆祝8,=.+1+cx65c~7#4eSj。总统杰克逊第一个举杯敬酒iKHsq@,ILkvTjrTdrMpZ。他站起来,举起酒杯,直视约翰·C·卡尔霍恩,在欢呼声停止后他说:“我们必须保护联邦u_yAVCOuVINl6=M(-。”卡尔霍恩和其他人一道起身敬酒,他没料到杰克逊会反对无效原则AfH0z(@Mgv_。卡尔霍恩的手颤抖着,杯子里的酒洒了出来4n(CXK-s=P[I]|ED^zPl

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大家让卡尔霍恩接着祝酒,副总统缓缓站起来,他说:“联邦,仅次于我们最珍视的自由cv52eRiJJeN&46KN。”他停了一会儿接着说:“愿我们都记住,只有尊重各州的权利,同时平等地赋予联邦利益和责任,才能保护联邦的权利_IP@8GZL1K1P^P@gT%vq。”总统杰克逊几分钟后离开了,大多数参加晚宴的人也同他一道离去-[hIXkNn(N。现在,人们知道了总统的想法,人们和他一起反对无效原则wi.EYY7Zo8va。但无效原则这种想法并未在南卡罗来纳州的极端分子中消亡,两年后他们又惹了更多的麻烦drw;WW1QNhfqC@Oqv。卡尔霍恩的无效原则并不是致使杰克逊和副总统分裂的唯一因素,卡尔霍恩还领导了一场反对杰克逊的朋友,作战部长约翰·伊顿妻子的运动XN#isIo8*vC;8QpDO2。杰克逊的三名内阁成员支持卡尔霍恩,卡尔霍恩和三位内阁成员的妻子都不理会伊顿PS#**apPYQ2J。杰克逊认为这是一种政治手段,试图迫使伊顿离开内阁,同时显现出杰克逊的愚蠢PtM;][6YlIWtf2。一封由总统门罗的内阁成员所写的信加剧了杰克逊和副总统之间的敌意,这封信揭露了1818年卡尔霍恩想要逮捕杰克逊的想法%44zV*mJ,LeWiglM^Oe

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写信人威廉·克劳福德以前和卡尔霍恩一道出任内阁成员G5)lqx;TN.Gx3K&Yy9。杰克逊曾在西属佛罗里达州发起军事行动,绞死两名英国公民wUC0_SvFE.TnG。卡尔霍恩在一次内阁会议上建议处罚杰克逊c!5KZXdZkL@^xGjG#Q。直到1829年,杰克逊才知道此事,杰克逊不想与卡尔霍恩进一步沟通mZa=aPzaoWQ3。有人曾多次尝试,试图缓和卡尔霍恩和杰克逊之间的关系,其中一次似乎很成功y7zd%N_6eU[Mha92!qn。杰克逊告诉国务卿马丁·范布伦,争端已经解决AiR6S@tuzwk*DU2。他说,他和卡尔霍恩互发的不友好信件将被销毁,他会邀请副总统在白宫共进晚餐o-tCPk6*vd(cE。随着争论的结束,卡尔霍恩认为他看到了一种摧毁争夺总统职位的对手——国务卿马丁·范布伦的方法T-vr.40tyIZ。他决定不销毁他与杰克逊互发的信件wjsyHQs]0,be^GsUS。相反,他用这些信件写了一本小册子&s~hT~k@0Sr)rY9TcQq。这本小册子里载有几名否认克劳福德指控的人的陈述,还指责范布伦利用克劳福德试图分裂杰克逊和卡尔霍恩HAETPpf;1(%&gL4。卡尔霍恩的一个手下把小册子的副本交给伊顿部长,请伊顿将其交与总统杰克逊过目roSB;1roYA,]7pxOZ]n。他告诉伊顿,没有杰克逊的批准,这本小册子不会出版hDshrd5IY8y7w8。伊顿没有向杰克逊出示这本小册子,也没有对卡尔霍恩的手下说什么t9)R&pPYw-c2U4o

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卡尔霍恩认为这种沉默意味着杰克逊并不反对这本小册子l@xDaLHSqP。所以他让人出版了小册子并发放给公众w3f=vn^4abS。杰克逊读到小册子时勃然大怒,卡尔霍恩不仅没有销毁这些信件,还将它们出版了HN1Io5*tqP~%~rszR;G。杰克逊的报纸《华盛顿环球报》指责卡尔霍恩向党内投掷了一枚燃烧弹.V1v.^y0|8。杰克逊宣称,卡尔霍恩及其支持者自毁前程EV,4.4]suH9enAGW9Ejd。直到后来,卡尔霍恩才发现问题所在=d)-,o4=v2z71D6。伊顿没有把小册子交给杰克逊过目,他甚至都没和总统谈过这件事uyy]HMe;0]。伊顿用这种方法惩罚那些曾对他妻子做过恶劣行迹的人Naj86x;.wl。杰克逊继续为玛格丽特•伊顿辩护,他甚至就此问题召开了内阁会议rR5!Y5l#9P。除约翰•伊顿以外,所有部长全部参会HHZ0VWiM#&X4。杰克逊告诉部长们他不想干涉他们的私生活,但他表示,似乎部长们的家人试图让其他人不要理会伊顿@A]@&d^e^)|J-ht4*LKu。杰克逊说:“我不会和约翰•伊顿分开,内阁中那些不能与他和睦相处的人最好离开,我要的是和谐融洽U64+S&Zw)TepL。”杰克逊表示,对伊顿的任何侮辱都是对他自己的侮辱,要么和伊顿共事,要么辞去职务cZ@qKSn0MECQr5hVu]!x。没有一个人辞职AkK&0k2z&,LL~_cyfl2。但情况并未好转YR2#)Xd~FLL|^c#-x。许多人就是不接受玛格丽特•伊顿成为他们圈子中的一员tk#=^J(,;4j.X,QZ!F。范布伦看到这个问题深深地伤害到杰克逊,但他知道最好不要向杰克逊提议要求伊顿部长辞职,他已经听说杰克逊表示要让他抛弃朋友伊顿,他就辞去总统职务=m.G(=r2YmzJQTs

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译文为可可英语翻译,未经授权请勿转载!

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重点单词
  • competitionn. 比赛,竞争,竞赛
  • approvaln. 批准,认可,同意,赞同
  • separatedadj. 分居;分开的;不在一起生活的 v. 分开;隔开
  • anticipatedadj. 预期的;期望的 v. 预料(anticipat
  • legislaturen. 立法机关
  • democraticadj. 民主的,大众的,平等的
  • hostileadj. 怀敌意的,敌对的
  • splitn. 劈开,裂片,裂口 adj. 分散的 v. 分离,分
  • withdrawvt. 撤回,取回,撤退 vi. 退回,撤退,走开
  • interferevi. 妨碍,冲突,干涉