(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
This week, we tell about the conflicts among the nations in Europe during the eighteenth century and how they affected North America. During the eighteenth century, Spain, France and Britain controlled land in North America. Spain controlled Florida. France was powerful in the northern and central areas. Britain controlled the east. All three nations knew they could not exist together peacefully in North America. The situation could only be settled by war. The powerful European nations already were fighting each other for land and money all over the world. These small wars continued for more than one hundred years. They were called King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King George's War and the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War was fought to decide if Britain or France would be the strong power in North America. France and its colonists and Indian allies fought against Britain, its colonists and Indian allies. The war began with conflicts about land. French explorers had been the first Europeans in the areas around the Great Lakes and the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
France had sent traders and trappers to these territories and had established trading centers there. Britain claimed the same land. When the king gave land in North America to someone, the land was considered to extend from east coast to west coast, even though no one knew where the west coast was. The land along the east coast had become crowded, and settlers were moving west. White people were destroying the Indians' hunting areas. And Indians became worried that they would lose the use of their land. The Indian tribes may have been able to resist the people moving west if they had been united. But their own conflicts kept the Indian groups apart. When Britain and France started fighting each other, some Indians helped the British. Others helped the French. The French settlers lived mainly in what was called New France. Today it is part of Canada. Life there was different from life in the British colonies to the south. There was no religious freedom, for example. All settlers in French territories had to be French and belong to the Roman Catholic Church.
So, many French people who belonged to Protestant churches settled in the British colonies. France also did not like the fact that the British paid the Indians high prices for animal furs. France was more interested in the fur trade than in settling the land. The British hurt the French traders' business when they bought fur from the Indians. One of the French trading forts was built in the area where the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is today. The French called it Fort Duquesne. The British claimed it was in Virginia and that the land belonged to them. In seventeen fifty-four, the governor of Virginia sent a twenty-one-year-old colonist named George Washington to tell the French to get out. This was the same George Washington who would later become the first President of the United States. The French refused to leave Fort Duquesne. So Washington and one hundred fifty men tried to force them out. They attacked a group of Frenchmen and killed ten of them. The French and Indian War had begun. British troops under the command of General Edward Braddock joined George Washington at Fort Duquesne.
The British general expected to fight the way battles were fought in Europe. There, troops lined up on open fields and fired their weapons as they marched toward each other. The French and Indians did not fight this way. They hid in the woods. They wore clothes that made them difficult to see. They shot at the British from behind trees. The British had more troops than the other side. But the French and Indians won the battle of Fort Duquesne. General Braddock was killed. Most of the French and Indian War was fought along two lakes in an area of New York state near the border with Canada. One was Lake George. The other, Lake Champlain north of Lake George. It reaches almost all the way to the city of Montreal in Canada. These lakes provided the best way to move troops and supplies during the French and Indian war. Few roads existed in North America at that time. The military force, which controlled the lakes and rivers, controlled much of North America. The French had military bases in the cities of Quebec and Montreal. The British had military bases along New York's Hudson River. The area between them became the great battleground. Fighting increased after the British defeated the French near Lake George in the last months of seventeen fifty-five. The French then built a new military base to control Lake Champlain and the surrounding area.
The French military base was at the southern end of Lake Champlain. They built a strong camp, the kind called a fort. They called it Fort Carillon. The fort would control Lake Champlain and the area needed to reach the northern part of Lake George. The fort was designed to provide a strong defense against attack. The French built two big walls of logs, several meters apart. The area between the walls was filled with dirt. Later, a strong stone front was added. Troops inside the walls were well protected. The British built a similar fort at the southern end of Lake George. They called it Fort William Henry. France sent one of its best military commanders to take command of its troops in America. His name was the Marquis de Montcalm. General Montcalm attacked several British forts in seventeen fifty-seven. One of these was Fort William Henry on Lake George. The British commander was forced to surrender. General Montcalm promised that the British troops would be treated fairly if they surrendered. But the Indian allies of the French did not honor the surrender agreement.
They began to kill British soldiers and settlers. No one is sure how many people died. It could have been more than one thousand. In seventeen fifty-eight, a strong British force attacked Fort Carillon on Lake Champlain. General Montcalm was the French commander. Fort Carillon was strong enough that the smaller French force was able to defeat the bigger British force. The British withdrew, but attacked again the next year. This time the British commander was General Jeffery Amherst. Amherst was successful. The British defeated the French. They changed the name of Fort Carillon to Fort Ticonderoga. It became an important military center in the French and Indian War. Fort Ticonderoga would also become important later, during America's war for independence. The Battle for Quebec was the turning point in the war. Britain and France signed a treaty to end it in Paris in seventeen sixty-three. The British had won. They took control of the lands that had been claimed by France. Britain now claimed all the land from the east coast of North America to the Mississippi River.
Everything west of that river belonged to Spain. France gave all its western lands to Spain to keep the British out. Indians still controlled most of the western lands, except for some Spanish colonies in Texas and New Mexico. Today, you can still visit the two forts that were so important in the French and Indian War. Little of the original buildings have survived. However, both have been re-built using the original designs. The area surrounding both forts is very beautiful, including the two lakes, Lake George and Lake Champlain. Many people spend their holidays in this area enjoying the outdoors. The area includes one of America's national historical parks, Saratoga. It also includes the Lake George Beach State Park. Few people who visit the area stop to remember the terrible fighting that took place there two-hundred fifty years ago.
重点解析
1.belonged to属于
But each subject can only belonged to one subscription.
但是，每个主题只能属于一个订阅。
2.signed a treaty签署条约
Barack Obama and Dmitry Medvedev signed a treaty that reduces America’s and Russia’s stockpile of nuclear weapons.
巴拉克•奥巴马和梅德韦杰夫签署了消减俄美核弹头库存的条约。
3.took place发生；进行
The same changes took place again and again.
同样的变化一再发生。
4.Lake George乔治湖 (纽约州)
He was born near Lake George in New York State around eighteen twenty-two. His father was a farmer.
大约1822年，他出生在纽约州的乔治湖的附近，他的父亲是一个农民。
参考译文
本周，我们将为您讲述18世纪欧洲各国之间的冲突以及这些冲突如何影响北美地区。18世纪，西班牙、法国和英国在北美洲三雄鼎力，西班牙控制着佛罗里达。法国在北部和中部地区势力强大，英国控制了东部地区。这三个国家都知道他们不可能在北美洲和平共处，只能通过战争来解决。欧洲强国在世界各地争夺土地和金钱。这些小规模的战争持续了一百多年。包括威廉国王战争、安妮女王战争、乔治王战争和法国-印第安战争。法国-印第安战争是英国和法国在北美大陆的争霸之战。法国及其殖民者和印第安盟友对战英国及其殖民者和印第安盟友。这场战争始于土地冲突。法国探险家是首批到达五大湖、俄亥俄州和密西西比河地区的欧洲人。法国派遣商人和捕兽者到达这些地区，并建立了贸易中心。英国声称这片土地属于英国。英国国王交出的北美洲土地从东海岸延伸到西海岸，尽管没有人知道西海岸在哪里。东海岸人口增加，土地供不应求，居住者们向西迁移。白人正在破坏印第安人的狩猎区，印第安人开始担心他们会失去土地的使用权。如果印第安部落团结起来，他们也许能够抵抗向西迁移的人们。但印第安部落内部人心涣散。英国和法国开始交战后，印第安人部落也分成了亲英和亲法两派。法国殖民者主要生活在称为新法兰西的地方，即今天的加拿大地区。那里的生活与南部英国殖民地的生活不同。没有宗教自由。所有在法国领土上定居的人都必须是法国人，并且属于罗马天主教会。
因此，许多信奉新教教会的法国人定居在英国殖民地。英国人向印第安人高价购买动物皮毛引起了法国的不满比起定居土地，法国对毛皮贸易更感兴趣。英国人从印第安人那里购买毛皮损害了法国商人的利益。法国其中一个贸易点就建在今天宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡市的地区。法国人称之为杜奎森堡。英国人声称，杜奎森堡位于弗吉尼亚，属于英国领地。1754年，维吉尼亚州州长派了一位名叫乔治•华盛顿的21岁殖民者和法国人交涉。这个人就是美国的第一任总统乔治•华盛顿。法国人拒绝离开杜奎森堡。于是，华盛顿率领一百五十人试图赶走他们。他们袭击了一群法国人，其中十人死亡。法国-印第安战争由此开始。在爱德华•布洛克将军的指挥下，英军在杜奎森堡与乔治•华盛顿会合。布洛克希望打一场欧洲式的战争。军队列队在阔地上，一边向对方行进一边开火。法国人和印第安人战斗方式不同。他们藏在树林里，穿着难以辨认的衣服。从树后向英国人射击。虽然英国有着人数上的优势。但是法国人和印第安人赢得了杜奎森堡战役，布洛克将军在战争中被杀。法国-印第安战争的主战场是纽约州靠近加拿大边境的两个湖泊一带。一个是乔治湖，另一个是乔治湖北部的尚普兰湖。几乎一直延伸到加拿大的蒙特利尔。
法国-印第安战争期间，这些湖泊为军队运送物资。当时，北美几乎没有公路。控制着湖泊和河流的军队控制着北美的大部分地区。法国在魁北克和蒙特利尔拥有军事基地。英国的军事基地设在纽约哈德逊河沿岸。中间地区就成了巨大战场。1755年的最后几个月里，英军在乔治湖附近击败法军后，战争进一步升级。法国随后建立了一个新的军事基地，以控制尚普兰湖及其周边地区。这个军事基地位于尚普兰湖的南端。他们建造了一个坚固的营地，是那种堡垒，他们称之为卡里永堡。该要塞将控制尚普兰湖和到达乔治湖北部的地区。堡垒的设计是为了防御攻击。法国人每隔几米用木头造了两堵大墙。在中间填上土。后来，又在外面加固了一层石头。城墙内的军队得到了很好的保护。英国人在乔治湖的南端建造了一个类似的堡垒。叫做威廉•亨利堡。法国派出了最好的军事指挥官之一来指挥驻美部队。这个人叫蒙特卡姆。1757年，蒙特卡姆将军袭击了几个英国堡垒。其中一个是乔治湖上的威廉•亨利堡。英国指挥官被迫投降。蒙特卡姆将军承诺，如果英军投降，他们将受到优待。但法国的印第安盟友不遵守投降协议。他们开始杀害英国士兵和定居者，没有人知道确切数字，可能有1000多个。1758年，一支强大的英国军队袭击了尚普兰湖上的卡里永堡。蒙特卡姆将军是法国指挥官。卡里永堡坚不可摧，法国的小部队以少胜多击败了英国的大部队。英国人撤退了，但第二年又卷土重来。
英军这次的指挥官是杰弗里•阿默斯特将军。阿默斯特将军指挥有效，法国战败。英国人把卡里永堡改名为泰孔德罗加堡，它成为法国-印第安战争中重要的军事中心。泰孔德罗加堡在后来的美国独立战争中也发挥着重要作用魁北克之战是这场战争的转折点。英国和法国于1763年在巴黎签署了停战协议，英国取得了胜利。英国收回了该土地的控制权。英国宣称北美东海岸到密西西比河的所有土地都归属英国。密西西比河以西地区都属于西班牙。为了把英国拒之门外，法国把所有的西部土地都给了西班牙。除了今天德克萨斯和新墨西哥一带的西班牙殖民地外，印第安人仍然控制着西部的大部分土地，今天，你仍然可以参观在法国-印第安战争中的两座非常重要的堡垒。原始建筑几乎没有幸存。然而，后人根据城堡的设计图纸重新修建。这两个堡垒周围的地区，包括乔治湖和尚普兰湖的景色美不胜收。许多人来这里度假，享受户外活动。该地区包括美国国家历史公园之一的萨拉托加，还包括乔治湖海滩州立公园。很少有人回忆起250年前在那里曾经发生的可怕战争。
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