(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
The Federalist Party, led by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, supported a strong national government with a powerful president and courts. Federalists thought men of money and position should rule the country. And they did in the early seventeen nineties. Federalists controlled the Congress. They also had great influence over the nation's first president, George Washington. The Republicans, led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, did not want a strong national government with unlimited powers. And they believed political power should be spread throughout the population. This Pennsylvania Packet newspaper in 1781 published letters by George Washington and Alexander Hamilton The power of the press grew over time. This Pennsylvania Packet newspaper in 1781 published letters by George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. The two sides carried on a war of words in their party newspapers. Historians believe Hamilton himself wrote much of what appeared in the Federalist paper. Jefferson, they believe, acted mostly as an adviser to the Republican paper. Both papers carried unsigned articles attacking the opposition. Both printed stories that were false.
At times, the attacks were personal. Many people felt two cabinet secretaries should be above that kind of public fighting. Toward the end of president Washington's first administration, he received a letter from Jefferson. The Secretary of State said he planned to resign. He said he disagreed with most of the administration's national and foreign policies. He did not name Hamilton. It was not necessary. Washington knew what he meant. For Hamilton was the chief planner of those policies. The president tried to make peace between the two men. He liked them and respected them. He believed the new nation needed the skills of both men. However, the dispute had gone too far. It was now more than just a question of two strong men who could not agree. It was a battle of two completely different philosophies of government. Washington did not succeed in making peace between Jefferson and Hamilton. But Jefferson decided not to resign. In a letter to his daughter, Jefferson said: "the attacks on me have changed a decision which I did not think could possibly be changed. I must remain and fight." The idea of organized political parties was new in the United States.
There were no laws saying what they could or could not do. There were no restrictions on the political activities of government officials. So, while continuing to serve as Secretary of State, Jefferson began working to get his supporters elected to Congress. He believed that was the only way to fight Hamilton. National elections were set for seventeen ninety-two. There was no dispute about the highest office. In seventeen ninety-two, everyone wanted George Washington to be elected president again. However, many Republicans saw no reason to re-elect John Adams as vice president. Adams was a patriot and had served his country well. But he was not democratic. He made no secret of his opinion that men born to the upper class should rule. Republicans had another reason to campaign against the Federalists. Hamilton's financial policies made it possible for bankers and other money lenders to invest in all kinds of deals. One man did this with information he got as a high-level Treasury Department official. His investments turned bad and his business failed. This caused other businesses to fail. There was a financial crash in New York City, the center of business in the United States.
The Federalists were strong in the northeast. But the Republicans were gaining strength everywhere else. The election of Republican representatives to Congress in seventeen ninety-two would make them an important force in the House of Representatives. The Republicans did not, however, win the vice presidency. That office went once again to Federalist John Adams. Perhaps the one thing that saved Adams was the belief of many Americans that President Washington wanted him again as vice president. Yet Adams did not win a clear victory. The electors from four states voted for Republican George Clinton of New York. One state voted for Jefferson, though he was not a candidate. The year seventeen ninety-three saw a change in Alexander Hamilton's political powers. The Republicans in the House of Representatives demanded answers to questions about his financial programs. Why did the Treasury Secretary refuse to give Congress all the facts about government plans to borrow, to lend, and to tax? For four years, the House had passed all the laws Hamilton asked for without being told why the laws were needed. In his opinion, that was the only way to govern. Now, the House wanted to know more. Hamilton considered the request an insult. Yet he answered it. He produced four reports about Treasury Department activities. Republicans searched the reports for proof that Hamilton and his Federalist friends had been dishonest.
They found no such proof. And they did not accuse him of taking money for himself. But they attacked him on several other issues. For example, they said Hamilton had not followed President Washington's instructions for dealing with the nation's foreign loans. They said he paid too much interest to the National Bank of the United States. And, they said he did not carefully obey laws passed by Congress concerning the use of government money. Federalist members of Congress answered the accusations. They declared again and again that the Republicans had not been able to prove even one criminal act by the Treasury Secretary. The attempt to force Hamilton out of office failed. But Hamilton himself was ready to leave. He was satisfied with the work he had done. More than any other man, he had shaped the policies of the United States for the first five years of its existence. He was sure the young nation would continue to be governed by the political ideas he supported. Hamilton went to New York City to work as a lawyer and spend more time with his family. Most Americans were not excited by the debate between Federalists and Republicans on such issues as the Bank of the United States. Farmers and laborers did not understand economics. But the French Revolution was something else. Federalists opposed the French Revolution.
They denounced the violence and the murder of the king and queen. They also wanted closer economic and political ties with Britain. Republicans welcomed the revolution. They saw it as a fight for liberty and democracy -- the same ideas they fought for against Britain. Besides, they said, Britain was no friend of America. Britain still held land in the western United States in violation of the peace treaty between the two countries. Britain still paid Native American Indians to kill White settlers in frontier areas. And Britain still took sailors off American ships and forced them to serve in its Navy. The revolution in France put the United States in a difficult situation. The situation became worse when the kings of Europe sent their armies against the new French republic. The United States had a treaty with France. It had agreed to aid France if France were attacked. But President Washington firmly believed the United States should not become involved in the politics of Europe. So he declared the United States would remain neutral. The declaration was a victory for the Federalists. They still had a great deal of influence over President Washington. But what would they do after seventeen ninety-six? Washington's second term would come to an end that year. And he had announced he would not run again. At that time, the Constitution did not limit the number of presidential terms. Yet, George Washington felt two was enough. Who was the most likely candidate to succeed him? That will be our story next week.
重点解析
1.take off 起飞;脱下;离开
The unpiloted craft, which can take off from an airport runway, has no external rockets and two engines use hydrogen and oxygen to propel it more than 18 miles into space.
该无人驾驶工艺,它可以从一个机场的跑到起飞,没有外部火箭和两个引擎使用氢气和氧气来推动它进入太空超过18英里 。
2.involved in 涉及;包含;牵涉进…
He turned them in to the police for being involved in the riot.
他向警方告发他们卷入了暴乱 。
3.National election 全国大选
Mr. Peres has held virtually all of Israel's top civilian posts, including the jobs of prime minister and foreign minister without ever having won a national election.
事实上,佩雷斯在没有赢取过任何全国大选的情况下就担任过以色列所有的高层文官职务,包括总理和外交部长 。
4.carried on 进行
My mother carried on something awful.
我的母亲做了很糟糕的事情 。
5.financial crash 金融危机
A new study shows about half the lawmakers in Congress are millionaires, and that their net worth has risen steadily since 2008 despite the financial crash.
一项新的研究表明半数的国会议员是百万富翁,自2008年以来, 即使在金融危机期间,他们的资产净值仍在稳定增长 。
参考译文
财政部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿领导的联邦党主张创建一个强大的联邦政府、总统和法院
。联邦党人认为,有钱有势的人应该统治国家 。他们在19世纪90年代早期就这么做了 。联邦党控制了国会,美国第一任总统乔治·华盛顿也深受他们的影响 。国务卿托马斯·杰斐逊领导的共和党不希望联邦政府拥有无限的权力 。他们认为,人民应该享有政治权力 。1781年,《宾夕法尼亚邮包报》刊登了乔治·华盛顿和亚历山大·汉密尔顿的信件随着时间的推移,新闻界的力量在增强 。1781年,《宾夕法尼亚邮包报》刊登了乔治·华盛顿和亚历山大·汉密尔顿的信件 。双方在各自的党报上进行了激烈的论战 。历史学家认为,汉密尔顿本人撰写了《联邦党人文集》的大部分内容 。杰斐逊主要担任共和党报纸的顾问 。两家报纸都刊登了未署名的文章,攻击对手,报道内容都不属实 。有时,这些攻击是针对个人的 。许多人认为两名内阁大员不应该公开争吵 。在华盛顿总统第一届任期即将结束时,他收到了杰斐逊的来信 。杰斐逊称他打算辞职 。他对政府的大多数国家和外交政策无法苟同 。他没有提到汉密尔顿的名字 。这没有必要的 。华盛顿明白他的意思 。因为汉密尔顿是这些政策的主要制定者 。华盛顿总统试图让这两人和解 。他很欣赏和尊重这两个人 。美国成立不久,需要这两个人出谋划策 。然而,这场争论演变的矛盾已经很深了 。现在已经超出两人意见不一致的范畴,而上升为两种完全不同的政治理念的较量 。华盛顿调解没有成功 。但是杰斐逊放弃了辞职的念头
亚当斯连任的原因之一是,许多美国人相信华盛顿总统,并希望他再次担任副总统
。然而亚当斯并没有取得明显的胜利 。四个州的选举人把票投给了纽约州的共和党人乔治·克林顿 。有一个州把票投给了杰斐逊,尽管他并不是候选人 。1793年,亚历山大·汉密尔顿的政治权力发生了变化 。众议院的共和党人要求回答有关财政计划的问题 。为什么财政部长拒绝向国会提供有关政府借贷和征税计划的全部事实呢?四年来,众议院通过了汉密尔顿提出的所有法律,却没有人要他说出为什么需要这些法律 。在他看来,这是唯一的治理方式 。现在,众议院想知道更多 。汉密尔顿认为,这个要求对他是一种侮辱 。但他还是回答了 。他提交了四份解释财政部工作的报告 。共和党人在报告中寻找证据,证明汉密尔顿和他的联邦党人朋友们不诚实 。结果什么也没有找到 。他们没有控告汉密尔顿中饱私囊 。而是在其他几个问题上对他进行了攻击 。例如,他们说汉密尔顿没有按照华盛顿总统的指示处理外债 。他们说,汉密尔顿向美国中央银行支付了太多的利息 。而且没有严格遵守国会通过的关于使用政府资金的法律 。国会里的联邦议员回应了这些指控 。他们三令五申,共和党人没有证据证明汉密尔顿有任何犯罪行为共和党人迫使汉密尔顿下台的企图失败了 。但汉密尔顿本人却准备离开 。他对自己所做的工作感到满意 。在美国建国的头五年里,他对美国政策有着深远的影响 。他确信这个年轻的国家将继续他所支持的政治理念 。汉密尔顿去纽约当律师,花更多的时间和家人在一起
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