409. The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863.
409．《解放奴隶宣言》（1863年）
On September 23, 1862, Lincoln issued a proclamation stating that on the first day of the new year he would declare free all slaves in any portion of the United States then in rebellion. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This proclamation could be enforced only in those portions of the seceded states which were held by the Union armies. It did not free slaves in loyal states and did not abolish the institution of slavery anywhere. Slavery was abolished by the states of West Virginia, Missouri, and Maryland between 1862 and 1864. Finally, in 1865, it was abolished throughout the United States by the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment.
1862年9月23日，林肯签署一个宣言，这份宣言说他将在新年的第一天宣布解放美国各地的所有奴隶，并随之宣布解放在叛乱地区的所有奴隶。1863年1月1日，林肯签发《解放奴隶宣言》，这份宣言有一个强制执行的区域范围，即仅仅在联邦军队所占领那些已经正式退出联邦区域强制执行；它不在忠诚于联邦的州解放奴隶，也不到处废止奴隶制制度。西弗吉尼亚、密苏里和马里兰在1862年至1864年间废除了奴隶制，最后，1865年通过《第十三条修正案》在全美废除奴隶制。
410. Northern Opposition to the War.
410．北方人对战争的反对
Many persons in the North thought that the Southerners had a perfect right to secede if they wished. Some of these persons sympathized so strongly with the Southerners that they gave them important information and did all they could to prevent the success of the Union forces. It was hard to prove anything against these Southern sympathizers, but it was dangerous to leave them at liberty.
许多北方人认为南方人完全有权力根据自己的意愿退出联邦，有的人非常同情南方人，他们给南方人送去重要信息并竭尽全力阻止联邦军队获胜。找到反对南方联盟同情者的理由很难，但让他们为所欲为是危险的，
So Lincoln ordered many of them to be arrested and locked up. Now the Constitution provides that every citizen shall have a speedy trial. This is brought about by the issuing a writ of habeas corpus, compelling the jailer to bring his prisoner into court and show cause why he should not be set at liberty. Lincoln now suspended the operation of the writ of habeas corpus. This action angered many persons who were quite willing that the Southerners should be compelled to obey the law, but did not like to have their neighbors arrested and locked up without trial.
因此，林肯下令逮捕他们当中的许多人，并将他们囚禁起来。此时《宪法》规定所有公民都应接受即时讯问，这一点通过签署颁布《让被拘押者到庭作证令状》来实施，它要求看守监狱的人将犯人带到法庭并解释不释放犯人的原因。现在林肯要中止这个作证令状的实施，这个举动让许多人感到生气，他们非常愿意看到南方人被迫服从这项法律，但他们不希望不经过讯问就将他们的邻居逮捕并囚禁起来。
411. The Draft Riots.
411．征兵骚乱
At the outset both armies were made up of volunteers; soon there were not enough volunteers. Both governments then drafted men for their armies; that is, they picked out by lot certain men and compelled them to become soldiers. The draft was bitterly resisted in some parts of the North, especially in New York City.
战争开始时双方的军队都是由志愿者组成，很快就没有足够的志愿者了，双方的政府随之征兵以充实部队，即他们分批次挑选出一定的男子并迫使他们入伍，北方许多地方强烈反对征兵，在纽约城更是如此。