The Southern leaders knew all these things. But they made up their minds that now the time had come to secede from the Union and to establish a Southern Confederacy. For the first time all the southernmost states were united. No matter what Lincoln and the Republicans might say, the Southern slaveholders believed that slavery was in danger. In advising secession, many of them thought that by this means they could force the Northerners to accept their terms as the price of a restored Union. Never were political leaders more mistaken.
南方人知道这些事，但他们坚信已经到了脱离联邦建立"南方同盟"的时候，所有南方各州首次聚集在一起，无论林肯和共和党说些什么，南方的奴隶主们都相信奴隶制处于危险中。在宣布退出联邦时，他们多数人认为通过这个途径可以迫使北方人接受他们的回归联邦的那些条件，但政治领袖们犯了空前的错误。
374. Threats of Secession, November, 1860.

374．脱离联邦的威胁（1860年）

The Constitution permits each state to choose presidential electors as it sees fit. At the outset these electors had generally been chosen by the state legislatures. But, in the course of time, all the states save one had come to choose them by popular vote. The one state that held to the old way was South Carolina. Its legislature still chose the state's presidential electors. In 1860 the South Carolina legislature did this duty and then remained in session to see which way the election would go. When Lincoln's election was certain, it called a state convention to consider the question of seceding from the United States. In other Southern states there was some opposition to secession. In Georgia, especially, Alexander H. Stephens led the opposition. He said that secession "was the height of madness." Nevertheless he moved a resolution for a convention.Indeed, all the southernmost states followed the example of South Carolina and summoned conventions. LINCOLN'S BOOKCASE. From the Keyes-Lincoln Memorial Collection, Chicago.
《宪法》允许各个州根据自己的意愿选择总统候选人，开始的时候这些人一般是通过各个州的立法机关来选出，但是，随着时间推移，除了一个州以外所有的州都渐渐改成通过公众投票来选举总统候选人。这个坚持过去方式的州是南卡罗莱纳州。1860年南卡罗莱纳州立法院如此提出候选人，并开会研究以后用哪种方式选举候选人；当林肯确定当选的时候，立法院举行一次州会议研究退出美国这个问题。在南方的其他几个州存在反对退出联邦的情况，特别是，佐治亚的亚历山大oHo史蒂文森力主反对退出联邦，他说退出联邦"是最愚蠢的行为"。虽然如此，他提出召开一个会议来协商。实际上，南方的大多数州都追随南卡罗莱纳州召开会议讨论退出联邦这个问题。