303. The North and the South.
303．北方和南方
The South was now a great cotton-producing region. This cotton was grown by negro slaves. The North was now a great manufacturing and commercial region. It was also a great agricultural region. But the labor in the mills, fields, and ships of the North was all free white labor. So the United States was really split into two sections: one devoted to slavery and to a few great staples, as cotton; the other devoted to free white labor and to industries of many kinds.
此时，南方是一个巨大的棉花种植区，黑奴在这里种植棉花，而北方不仅大力发展制造业和商业，还在大力发展农业。但是，在北方作坊、田间和船只上工作的人都是自由的白人，因此，美国事实上已经被分为两个部分：一部分坚持奴隶制，并致力于发展重要的主产物，如棉花；另一部分则奉行自由白人劳动力立场，并致力于发展各种工业。
304. The Political Situation, 1829.
304．政治环境（1829年）
The South was growing richer all the time; but the North was growing richer a great deal faster than was the South. Calhoun and other Southern men thought that this difference in the rate of progress was due to· the protective system. In 1828 Congress had passed a tariff that was so bad that it was called the Tariff of Abominations. The Southerners could not prevent its passage. But Calhoun wrote an "Exposition" of the constitutional doctrines in the case. This paper was adopted by the legislature ·of Carolina as giving its ideas. In this paper Calhoun declared that the Constitution of the United States was a compact. Each state was a sovereign state and could annul any law passed by Congress. The protective system was unjust and unequal in operation. It would bring "poverty and utter desolation to the South." The tariff act should be annulled by South Carolina and other Southern states.
南方总是在日趋富足，而北方变得富庶的速度比南方要快得多。科恩和其他南方人认为这种发展速度的差异是由保护性制度所致，1828年国会曾经通过一项关税，这项关税如此糟糕以至于被叫做"可憎的关税"。南方人阻止不了这项关税的通过，但科恩就此写了一份关于宪法条款的"评论"，这份文件被南卡罗莱纳州的立法院当做参考。科恩在这份文件中称美国宪法是一份合约，每个州都是一个有主权的州，都可以废除国会通过的任何法律；保护性制度不公正而且在操作中存在不平等，它会造成"贫穷并使得南方成为一片荒凉"，因此关税法案应该在南卡罗莱纳州和其他南方各州废除。