原味人文风情

Confucius was a Chinese philosopher of the Zhou dynasty, whose teachings of moral, social, political, and philosophical behavior and theory would later become the foundation of a system known as Confucianism.
孔子是中国周朝的一位思想家，他在道德、社会、政治、及哲学行为与理论的教诲，后来成为一个被称做儒家的体系其根基。
The teachings of Confucius was studied and written about from the time of his death until the founding of the first Chinese empire in 221 B.C. His teachings included humanist towards others, ritual and etiquette, love of parents for their children and of children for their parents. An emphasis was placed on self-cultivation and skilled judgment, rather than a knowledge of rules.
孔子的讲学从他辞世到西元前 221 年首个中国帝国建立期间被研究及写下。他的教诲包括对他人的仁、仪俗及礼节、父母对子女的爱及子女对父母的爱。重点被放在自身修养和熟练的判断力，而非对规则的了解。

His ethical ideals in teachings were also communicated through metaphor, innuendo, and anecdote or story. One of his most well-known teachings is—what you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. Confucianism rose to prominence during the Han dynasty around 200 B.C. Many followers practiced his teachings as a religion. However, because it lacks a metaphysical aspect, most consider Confucianism as an influential social philosophy.
他教诲中的道德理想也透过隐喻、讽刺、轶事或故事来传递。其中一个他最广为人知的教诲是－－己所不欲，勿施于人。儒学在西元前约 200 年汉代时始达兴盛。许多追随者把他的教义当作一种宗教来实践。然而，因为儒学缺乏一种纯哲学的面向，大多数人视儒学为一个具影响力的社会学。
Confucius avidly promoted an autocratic social structure. In the years after his death, rulers looked to scholars of Confucianism for assistance in managing their empires and governing their people. Confucianism was appealing to rulers who found that its principles would essentially help society become self-regulating. These principles of behavior and their implementation are thought to have later influenced strong central rule, and the absence of rigidly enforced legal structure.
孔子热烈地提倡一个专制的社会结构。在他逝世后，统治者靠着儒家学者来协助管理他们的帝国及统治他们的人民。对于那些发现其原则实质上会帮助社会变得自律的统治者而言，儒学很吸引人。这些关于行为和其施行的原则被认为后来影响了中央集权统治、及严格执法体系的缺乏。

Confucius spent his final years teaching his followers and communicating his wisdom.
These dialogues would eventually become a set of texts called the Five Classics.
孔子利用他的最后几年教导他的弟子和散播他的智慧。这些对话最终变成一系列称作《五经》的文本。

内容重点讲解

概念点拨：

孔子身世：《春秋公羊传》十有一月庚子，孔子生。这是孔子当时时代的可靠古籍记载。 孔子出生于鲁国。其先世有宋国公室及殷商王室，十五世祖为宋国第二任国君微仲。六代祖孔父嘉是宋国大夫，曾为大司马，在宫廷内乱中被杀，孔父嘉子木金父避灾逃到鲁国的邹邑定居。
孔子父亲叔梁纥居于鲁昌平乡邹邑，为邹邑大夫。叔梁纥与原配施氏连出九个女儿，他望子心切，于是续娶一妾，得一子名孟皮，却脚有残疾。叔梁纥在七十二岁时三娶十八岁的颜征在，生下孔丘。为得子，叔梁纥曾在尼丘山求拜，故取名丘，字仲尼。由于孔子父母的婚姻不合礼制、被史书称为野合。

词组点拨：

「依赖、指望」- Look To
In the years after his death, rulers looked to scholars of Confucianism for assistance in managing their empires and governing their people.
在他逝世后，统治者靠着儒家学者来协助管理他们的帝国及统治他们的人民。