讲座试题

Now listen to the following recording and answer questions 16 to 19.

16.
A.Lords, vassals and fiefs.
B.Warriors, lords and vassals.
C.King, vassals and fiefs.
D.King, lords and warriors.
17.
A.A person who acts as counselors.
B.A person who owns land.
C.A person who guarantees the security.
D.A person who governs the country.
18.
A.They would lend their lands to the vassals.
B.They would ask the vassals to help make decisions.
C.They would provide suggestions to their superiors.
D.They would harvest crops from their lands.
19.
A.The lord.
B.The vassal.
C.The aristocrat.
D.The emperor.

讲座文本

Good morning, class. Today we are going to start a big unit on government. Before the rise of the nation-state and absolute monarchies, Europe went through a period known as feudalism. Like our concept of democracy, feudalism had many forms and varied by location and time period.

Let's see, feudalism originated by mixing Roman law with Germanic tradition. The Germanic warriors that lived about 3,000 years ago had a tradition of electing a supreme warrior as leader. After battles, he would collect all of the spoils and distribute them fairly among all the warriors. (16) The term feudalism is defined by three principle terms: They are lords, vassals, and fiefs.

(17) Okay, a lord, in feudalism, is a person that owns land. He temporarily gives this land to another person, called a vassal. The vassal enters this contract so he may gain the land. Land sizes varied, from the size of a small farm, to huge counties. The vassal gained the revenues generated by the land, usually in the form of fanning products.

What did the lord get? At this time, there were no standing armies. There were no professional soldiers. The vassal swore allegiance to the lord. (18) In times of trouble, the lord could call upon the vassal to fight for the lord. This guaranteed the security of the lord.

Other details were often included in feudal deals. For example, since the lord still owned the land and merely lent the land to the vassal, the lord still had to maintain the land and defend it. The vassal, many times, would be required to grind his wheat and bake his bread in the ovens and mills owned by the lord, who then could collect taxes.

Umm, oh, yes, the vassals also acted as counselors to the lord. (18) During times of crisis, the lords would often hold meetings, calling together all the vassals to help them decide major decisions, such as to go to war or not.

Ah, lastly, feudalism had many levels. What I mean is, a king could be a lord, giving aristocrats large lands, who then became his vassals. Those aristocrats were lords themselves, dividing up their land to lesser vassals. (19) The top of this hierarchy was the emperor, who was the lord to his vassal kings.

Feudalism declined when lords became strong enough to maintain a standing army and did not require the services of their vassals.

16. What are the three terms that define feudalism?
17. What is a lord in feudalism?
18. During times of crisis, what would the lords do?
19. Who is at the top of the hierarchy in feudalism?

文章二

同学们大家早上好.AxoUSRp[18_z)9Nx+M。今天我们要开始学习一个全新的单元，这个单元讲的是政府8fgaA-CtBHK1HGam。在单一民族国家和君主专制政体出现之前，欧洲经历了一段封建社会时期]QL#_-jHAF@Se#6。和我们熟知的民主的概念类似，封建主义同样在不同时期、不同地区以多种形式存在Sy!2EDNxU(OfCK2a。

我们来看一下，西欧封建制度最初是通过罗马封建制度和日耳曼社会传统融合而形成的l8uR]f@uwY@d@g_]m。生活在3000年前的日耳曼战士的传统是将他们当中最强的战士选为领袖Av^3Es%OF[im%]2Wns。战争结束后，这位领袖会收集所有的战利品并将其平均分发给所有的战士7MY*G_Xna5pVYGBc^BNA。封建制度是由三个基本的名词来定义的：封建领主、封臣和封地g)3GlJlKBMG=。

好的，封建领主是拥有土地的人N*zrjxVNwFoh9K+RJW@c。他把自己的土地暂时性地交给另外一个人，即封臣o3_Pm3[IuR。封臣接受这样的契约关系以期获得封地9l8FOUN#RBIPjM7br。封地面积大小不一，小到一个小型农场，大到囊括几个郡duS~)^aj^@]X^5。封臣的收入通常是他们封地中收获的农产品]v2n5nJOd#3na#。

那领主能得到什么呢？在这个时期，没有常备军队aqr5sJ[Yam]E*g)a。没有职业军人yBPi(;y*gU*kEwv07。封臣发誓效忠领主HtjT5UtFFb^;KaC~。战乱时期，领主可以召集封臣为其赴战-^SP|.7SQx=F。这样领主的安全便有了保障iLnCYS#=wdE510W。

封建契约中还包括一些其他细节H31Bad3L-d。比如，由于领主只是将土地借给封臣，他们仍掌握着土地的所有权，因此他们仍需维护这些土地C1pOSj8.;x2T。多数情况下，封臣需要在领主的磨坊磨小麦、用领主的烤箱烤面包，这样领主就可以对他们征税hWlwL5KQ3l。

哦，还有，封臣们还担任这领主顾问的角色rq5dtkuvr%。危机时刻，领主会召集会议，聚集封臣帮助其作出决定，比如是否要开战的决定4@DoAV4W50H。

啊，最后，封建制度中存在着很多等级!E#pZmmZ&TtS。我的意思是，国王可以是领主，将大量土地分封给贵族，贵族便成为了他们的封臣.bCir!*ZhiQN。贵族本身又是领主，将自己的封地分给低一级的封臣!D=z|7eing。这个等级制度的最顶端是君主，他是封臣们领主的领主mE5*0Od4iUz=8kQv。

领主的实力逐渐壮大，足以维持常备军队，不再需要封臣的服务，这时封建制度就没落了R^M@g(2f4-Z.9。

16.定义封建制度的三个名词是什么？
17.封建制度中领主是什么？
18.危机时刻，领主会怎么做？
19.封建等级制度的顶端是谁？

译文属可可原创，仅供学习和交流使用，未经允许不得转载

习题答案解析

参考答案：

【小题16】A
【小题17】B
【小题18】B
【小题19】D

习题解析：

【小题16】讲座中明确提到 The term feudalism is defined by three principle terms: They are lords, vassals and fiefs.所以定义封建主义的三个关键词分别是封建领主、封臣和封地22&4^@[Aa@*M_@;GiE*。故选项 A 为答案UCncMTgW+WX7U_q&Mwr。
【小题17】本题问的是“ lord 在封建主义中指的是什么？”讲座中明确提到 a lord, in feudalism, is a person that owns land.故选项 B 为答案PCIEP90jhb#=。选项 A 和 C 的内容均在听力原文中出现过，但是这两项对应的都是 vassals 的职责，均排除；选项 D “管理国家的人”，听力原文中提到封建制度等级的最顶端是君主，故君主是管理国家的人1zBRg#Rn),N&u。虽然君主在某种程度上也是 lord，但并不是所有的 lord 都是君主，不能以偏概全，故排除选项 D*ddJ=s8J3!mkt=XxW6)。
【小题18】本题问的是“危急时刻，领主们会怎么做？”讲座中在两处提到了相关信息： In times of trouble, the lord could call upon the vassal to fight for the lord.和 During times of crisis, the lords would often hold meetings, calling together all the vassals to help them decide major decisions.由此可知，危急时刻，领主们会号召封臣来为自己而战或者召集他们来帮助自己做一些重大的决定，故选项 B 为答案P&77jOzd&x[z!X。其他选项均与原文信息不符，均排除J_~FLpf5sgVXE;U9BqA。
【小题19】讲座中明确提到 The top of this hierarchy was the emperor, who was the lord to his vassal kings.所以封建制度等级的最顶端是君主，故选项 D 为答案gl#==2.-TMLUWb.Mj。