(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
I'm Steve Ember. And I'm Shirley Griffith with PEOPLE IN AMERICA in VOA Special English. Today we tell about one of the most influential social scientists of the last century -- the cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead.
People around the world mourned the death of Margaret Mead in nineteen seventy-eight. A year later, the president of the United States, Jimmy Carter, honored the social scientist with America's highest award for civilians.
Another honor came from a village in New Guinea. The people there planted a coconut tree in her memory. Margaret Mead would have liked that. As a young woman, she had studied the life and traditions of the village.
Miz Mead received such honors because she added greatly to public knowledge of cultures and traditions in developing countries. Many people consider her the most influential social science researcher of the twentieth century.
Yet some experts said her research was not scientific. They said she depended too much on observation and local stories. They said she did not spend enough time on comparative studies. They believed her fame resulted as much from her colorful personality as from her research.
Margaret Mead shared her strong opinions about social issues. She denounced the spread of nuclear weapons. She spoke against racial injustice.
She strongly supported women's rights. Throughout her life she enjoyed taking risks. Miz Mead began her studies of cultures in an unusual way for a woman of her time. She chose to perform her research in the developing world.
She went to an island village in the Pacific Ocean. She went alone. The year was nineteen twenty-five. At that time, young American women did not travel far away from home by themselves. They did not ask strangers personal questions. They did not observe births and deaths unless they were involved in medical work. Margaret Mead did all those things.
Margaret Mead was born in nineteen-oh-one in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father was a professor of finance. Her mother was a sociologist. Few women attended college in those days. However, Margaret Mead began her studies in nineteen nineteen at De Pauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. She soon decided that living in a small town did not improve one's mind. So she moved to New York City to study English and psychology at Barnard College. She graduated in nineteen twenty-three.
Margaret next decided to study anthropology at Columbia University in New York. She wanted to examine the activities and traditions of different societies. She later earned master's and doctorate degrees.
Miz Mead studied with two famous anthropologists: Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict. Mister Boas believed that the environment people grow up in -- not family genes -- caused most cultural differences among people.
This belief also influenced his young student. Margaret Mead asked to do research in Samoa in the Pacific Ocean. Mister Boas was concerned for her safety. But he let her go. He told her to learn about how young Samoan women were raised.
In graduate school, Margaret had married Luther Cressman, who was studying to be a clergyman. He went to Europe to continue his studies. She went alone to Samoa in nineteen twenty-five. She worked among the people of Tau Island. The people spoke a difficult language that had never been written down. Luckily, she was able to learn languages easily.
Miz Mead studied the lives of Samoan girls. She was not much older than the girls she questioned. She said their life was free of the anger and rebellion found among young people in other societies. She also said Samoan girls had sexual relations with anyone they wanted. She said their society did not urge them to love just one man. And she said their society did not condemn sex before marriage.
Margaret Mead said she reached these beliefs after nine months of observation in Samoa. They helped make her book "Coming of Age in Samoa" one of the best-selling books of the time. Miz Mead was just twenty-seven years old when her book was published in nineteen twenty-eight. Many American readers were shocked by her observations about the sexual freedom enjoyed by young Samoan women.
Several social scientists later disputed her findings. Australian anthropologist Derek Freeman wrote a book which criticized her work. The book was published in nineteen eighty-three, five years after her death. He wrote that Miz Mead made her observations from just a few talks with two friendly young women.
He wrote that they wanted to tell interesting stories to a foreign visitor. But their stories were not necessarily true. Mister Freeman said Samoan society valued a young woman who had not had sexual relations. He said Tau Island men refused to marry women who had had sex. However, many published reports about the debate raised questions about Mister Freeman's criticism. After years of discussion, many anthropologists concluded that the truth would probably never be known.
After nine months among the Samoans, Margaret Mead returned to the United States. She met a student from New Zealand, Reo Fortune, on the long trip home. Her marriage to Luther Cressman ended. She married Mister Fortune, also an anthropologist, in nineteen twenty-eight. They went to New Guinea to work together. It would be the first of seven trips that she would make to the area in the next forty-seven years.
The two studied the people of several areas of New Guinea. She published another influential book, "Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies," in nineteen thirty-five. It was a study of the lives of three New Guinea tribes from infancy to adulthood.
Miz Mead wrote that many so-called male and female characteristics are not based on sex differences. Instead they reflect the cultural traditions of different societies. She wrote that women have the major role in one group in New Guinea without causing any special problems. This book became important for the women's rights movement in the United States.
Not long after their New Guinea trip ended, Margaret Mead's marriage to Reo Fortune also ended. In nineteen thirty-six, she married for the third time. Her new husband was Gregory Bateson, a British biologist. Mister Bateson and Miz Mead decided to work together on the island of Bali in Indonesia. The people of Bali proudly shared their rich culture and traditions. Miz Mead observed and recorded their activities. Mister Bateson took photographs. The Batesons had a daughter. But their marriage ended in nineteen fifty.
As time went on, Margaret Mead's fame continued to grow. Her books sold very well. She also wrote for popular magazines. She appeared on radio and television programs in the nineteen sixties and seventies. She spoke before many groups. Americans loved to hear about her work and the people she studied.
After her trips, Margaret Mead always returned to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. She worked there for more than fifty years. She also taught at several universities in New York. She studied the problems of child-rearing, personality and culture in different societies.
Margaret Mead was also concerned about issues like the environment. On April twenty-second, nineteen seventy, environmental activists organized the first ever Earth Day. Margaret Mead spoke about the dangers of science and technology.
"No society has ever yet been able to handle the temptations of technology to mastery, to waste, to exuberance, to exploration and exploitation. We have to learn to cherish this earth and cherish it as something that's fragile, that's only one, it's all we have. We have to use our scientific knowledge to correct the dangers that have come from science and technology."
Other scientists paid Margaret Mead a high honor when she was seventy-four years old. They elected her president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. A few years later, she developed cancer. But she continued to travel, speak and study almost to the end of her life. One friend said: "Margaret Mead was not going to let a little thing like death stop her."
重点解析
1.depend on依赖；依靠
We have no choice but to depend on ourself .
我们必须依靠自己，没有其他选择。
2.be free of远离；没有
These models must be free of errors before you import them.
在您导入这些模型之前，它们必须是没有错误的。
3.based on基于
Your price should be based on the actual situation of our customers.
你们的价格应该是基于我们的客户群的实际情况。
4.hear about听说；得知
So you hear about the Omega-3 fatty acids coming from seafood and these tend to be protective against diseases.
你们应该听过海鲜中提取的ω-3脂肪,这种脂肪能抵御多种疾病。
5.be concerned about关心；担忧
You should be concerned about the future—you have to spend the rest of your life there.
你应该关心一下你的未来，因为你将在那儿渡过你的余生。
6.be able to能够
They should be able to read and understand everything on the printout.
他们应该能够阅读和理解打印输出上的所有内容。
参考译文
我是史蒂夫·恩贝尔，我是雪莉·格里菲斯。这里是VOA慢速英语栏目《美国人物志》。今天我们讲述上个世纪最有影响力的社会科学家之一、文化人类学家玛格丽特·米德的故事。
世界各地的人们哀悼玛格丽特米德在1978年的离世。一年后，美国总统吉米·卡特授予这位社会科学家美国最高平民奖。
另一项荣誉来自新几内亚的一个村庄。那里的人种了一棵椰子树纪念她。玛格丽特·米德会喜欢这种纪念方式的。作为一名年轻的女性，她研究了这个村庄的生活和传统。
米德女士能获得这等荣誉，是因为她大大增加了公众对发展中国家文化和传统的了解。许多人认为她是二十世纪最有影响力的社会科学研究者。
但是一些专家认为她的研究不科学。他们称米德太依赖观察和当地故事。他们认为米德没有用足够的时间做比较研究。他们认为，她的名声不仅来自她的研究，也来自她丰富多彩的个性。
玛格丽特·米德表达了她对社会问题的有力观点。她谴责核武器的扩散。她反对种族歧视。
她坚持支持妇女权利。她一生都喜欢冒险。以一种当时对女性来说不同寻常的方式，米德女士开始了她的文化研究。她选择在发展中国家开展她的研究。
她一个人去了太平洋的一个岛国村庄。那是1925年。那时候，年轻的女人不会独自去到离家很远的地方。他们不会问陌生人私人问题。除非他们参与医疗工作，否则他们不会观察出生及死亡情况。玛格丽特·米德做了以上所有事情。
玛格丽特·米德于1901年出生于宾夕法尼亚州的费城。她父亲是一位金融学教授。她母亲是一位社会学家。那时候上大学的女性很少。然而，玛格丽特·米德于于1919年开始在印第安纳州格林卡斯特的德波大学学习。她很快就发现住在小镇上并不能提高一个人的智力。于是她搬到了纽约，在巴纳德学院学习英语和心理学。她于1923年毕业。
玛格丽特接下来决定在纽约哥伦比亚大学学习人类学。她想研究不同社会的活动和传统。她后来获得了硕士和博士学位。
米德师从两位著名的人类学家：弗朗茨·博阿斯和露丝·本尼迪克特。博阿斯先生认为，造成人与人之间文化差异的主要原因是人们成长的环境，而不是家庭基因。
这个理念也影响了他年轻的学生。玛格丽特·米德请求去太平洋的萨摩亚做研究。博阿斯先生担心她的安全。但他让她去了。他告诉她要了解萨摩亚妇女是如何被抚养长大的。
在研究生院，玛格丽特嫁给了路德·克雷斯曼，当时他正在攻读牧师学位。他去了欧洲继续他的学业。1925年，她独自前往萨摩亚。她在头岛的居民中工作。人们说着一种从未被记录下来的难懂的语言。幸运的是，米德学语言很轻松。
米德女士研究了萨摩亚女性的生活。她不比她询问的女生大多少。她表示，不像其他社会中的年轻人，他们的生活中没有愤怒和反抗。她也表示，萨摩亚的女孩可以和任何他们想要的人发生性关系。米德说他们的社会并不要求他们只爱一个男人。她说他们的社会并不谴责婚前性行为。
玛格丽特·米德说，她在萨摩亚观察了9个月后得出了这些结论。他们帮助米德的书《在萨摩亚长大》成为当时的畅销书之一。1928年，米德女士的书出版时，她只有27岁。许多美国读者被她对萨摩亚年轻女性享有性自由的观察震惊了。
几位社会科学家后来对她的发现提出了质疑。澳大利亚人类学家德里克·弗里曼写了一本书批评她的工作。这本书出版于1983年，就在米德去世五年后。他写道，米德小姐仅通过与两位友好的年轻女士的几次交谈就得出了她的观察结果。
他写道，他们想给外国游客讲有趣的故事。但他们的故事不一定是真的。弗里曼先生表示，萨摩亚的社会看重没有发生过性关系的年轻女性。她表示，萨摩亚的男人拒绝迎娶发生过性关系的女性。然而，很多关于这场辩论的出版报告提出了关于弗里曼先生的批评。经过多年的讨论后，很多人类学家总结道，真相可能永远不会为人所知。
在萨摩亚待了九个月后，玛格丽特·米德回到了美国。在回家的路上，她遇到了来自新西兰的一个学生里奥·福琼。她和路德·克雷斯曼的婚姻结束了。1928年，她嫁给了福琼先生。他也是一位人类学家。他们一起去了新几内亚工作。这将是她未来47年7次访问该地区的第一次。
两人研究了新几内亚几个地区的人们。她在1935年出版了另一本有影响力的书，《三个原始社会中的性与气质》。这是对新几内亚三个部落从婴儿期到成年期的生活的研究。
米德女士写道，许多所谓的男性和女性特征并不是基于性别差异。相反，它们反映了不同社会的文化传统。她写道，在新几内亚，妇女在一个群体中发挥着主要作用，这没有造成任何特殊问题。这本书对美国的女权运动很重要。
在新几内亚之旅结束后不久，玛格丽特·米德与里奥·福琼的婚姻也结束了。在1936年，她第三次结婚。她的新婚丈夫是英国生物学家格雷戈里·贝特森。贝特森先生和米德女士决定在印度尼西亚的巴厘岛上一块工作。巴厘岛人民自豪地分享着他们丰富的文化和传统。米德女士观察和记录着他们的活动。贝特森则拍照片。贝特森夫妇育有一个女儿。但是他们的婚姻在1950年结束了。
随着时间的推移，玛格丽特·米德的名气越来越大。她的书卖得很好。她还为流行杂志写文章。她在20世纪六七十年代出现在广播和电视节目中。她对许多团体进行过演讲。美国人喜欢听她谈论她的工作和她研究的人。
旅行结束后，玛格丽特·米德总是回到纽约市的美国自然历史博物馆。她在那里工作了五十多年。她也在纽约的几个大学教过学。她研究不同社会的育儿、性格和文化问题。
玛格丽特·米德也担心环境等问题。1970年4月22日，环保人士组织了有史以来的第一个地球日。玛格丽特·米德谈到了科学和技术的危险。
“人们掌握、浪费、丰富、探索和开发技术，迄今为止，还没有一个社会能够处理好技术的诱惑。”我们必须珍惜地球，把它视作一个脆弱的存在，地球只有一个，这是我们的全部。我们必须利用我们的科学知识来纠正来自科学技术的危险。”
玛格丽特·米德74岁时，其他科学家授予她很高的荣誉。他们选她为美国科学促进会会长。几年后，她患了癌症。但是她继续旅行、演讲和研究，直到生命的尽头。一位朋友表示，“玛格丽特·米德是不会让死亡这样的小事情阻止她的。”
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