(单词翻译:单击)
听力文本
PEOPLE IN AMERICA, a program in Special English on the Voice of America.
During the Eighteenth Century, Indians tried to halt the move of white settlers into territory in the American west. Today Ray Freeman and Shirley Griffith tell the story of one of the leaders of the Indian resistance, Apache chief Cochise.
In the middle Eighteen-Hundreds, there were only a few white settlers in the southwestern United States. This was Apache territory. The Chiricahuas were one of several Apache groups that lived in what today is southern Arizona and New Mexico.
The Chiricahua war chief, Cochise had become used to American travelers and military officials stopping at Apache Pass. It was the only place in the area where drinking water could be found. The Chiricahuas lived at peace with the settlers. They sold wood to the settlers. And, in Eighteen-Fifty-Eight, Cochise had permitted the Butterfield Overland Mail Company to build a rest area at Apache Pass. He let mail carriers and other travelers pass safely through the area on their way to California.
In February of Eighteen-Sixty-One, an American military officer asked to speak with Cochise. He wanted to discuss several problems. Some cattle were missing. And a boy had been taken from a farm in the area. Second Lieutenant George Bascom had been ordered to do whatever was necessary to find the child. He did not have any experience in dealing with Indians.
Cochise was tall for an Apache -- almost six feet. He had strong cheekbones and a straight nose. He wore his black hair to his shoulders in the traditional Apache way. He carried himself as a person with power does. One American officer said he stood "...straight as an arrow, built, from the ground up, as perfect as a man could be."
The Chiricahua Apaches believed that a leader was one who was wise and able to win in war. They believed that a leader is not chosen, but just recognized.
Cochise was the son of a Chiricahua Apache chief. He had been trained to lead from a young age. The whites who knew him both feared and respected him. Friends as well as enemies considered him to be an honest man. He always told the truth and expected others to do the same.
By the time he met with Lieutenant Bascom, Cochise was about fifty-five years old. He was an unusually powerful Apache leader.
Lieutenant Bascom knew nothing about Cochise. The officer was concerned only with succeeding at his first command.
Cochise was not responsible for the raid against the farm. So, the Apache chief believed the American soldiers had come in peace. He went to meet them with his wife and four other people. These included his brother, his young son, and two other relatives. That he came with his family was a sign of trust. But, Lieutenant Bascom did not understand the sign.
They met in Lieutenant Bascom's cloth tent. Cochise told the officer that his people were not involved in the raid. Cochise said he would do what he could to help them find the boy. He told Lieutenant Bascom that he believed the boy had been taken by the White Mountain Apaches, a group that lived north of the Chiricahuas. Years later, this was found to be true.
Lieutenant Bascom, however, was sure Cochise was hiding the boy. He accused Cochise of lying. At first, Cochise did not understand. He thought the American was joking. Then Lieutenant Bascom told Cochise that he and his family would be held prisoner until the cattle and the boy were returned.
Cochise reacted quickly. He stood up, pulled out his knife and cut a hole in the tent. He escaped through the hole. The soldiers waiting outside were taken by surprise. They shot at Cochise three times but could not stop him. One of Cochise's relatives also tried to jump through the tent. But the soldiers captured him. Cochise later told an American that he ran all the way up the hill with his coffee cup still in his hand.
Cochise captured four Americans and left a message for Lieutenant Bascom about exchanging prisoners. But Bascom did not find Cochise's message until two days later. By then, it was too late. The Americans already had hung Cochise's brother and two other relatives. They released Cochise's son and wife.
Cochise immediately made plans to repay the Americans for the deaths of his relatives. Cochise killed his prisoners. He decided that Americans could never be trusted. He said, "I was at peace with the whites until they tried to kill me for what other Indians did; I now live and die at war them."
The incident led to years of violence and terror. Cochise united the Apaches. They attacked the United States army and the increasing number of white settlers moving into the southwest. The Apaches fought so fiercely that troops, settlers and traders were forced to withdraw from the territory. It appeared for a time that the Apaches controlled Arizona.
News of Cochise's bravery in battle became widely known. He fought as if he believed he was protected from harm. One American soldier described how his shots missed Cochise. He said Cochise would drop to the side of his horse, hang on its neck and use its body as protection.
In Eighteen-Sixty-Two, about two-thousand men marched from California to Apache Pass. General James Carleton commanded them. They were trying to re-establish communications between the Pacific coast and the eastern United States.
Cochise had five-hundred Apache fighters hidden near Apache Pass. The Apaches attacked fiercely. Suddenly the Americans fired two large cannons. The Indians fled.
Mangas Coloradas, chief of the Chihenne Apaches, was badly wounded. He survived. Six months later, he tried to make a peace treaty with a group of American soldiers. He was taken prisoner, shot and killed. Mangas's murder confirmed Cochise's belief that Americans must never be trusted.
Cochise became the main chief of all the Apache tribes. He and his warriors rode through southeastern Arizona torturing and killing everyone they found, including small children.
The federal government began a campaign to kill or capture all Apaches. Cochise and two-hundred followers escaped capture by hiding in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona. During this time, new white settlements were built. The Apaches continued to raid and return to hide in the mountains.
For twelve years, Cochise escaped capture by troops from the United States and Mexico. Officials in Arizona named him "public enemy number one." The story spread that no white person could look at Cochise and live to tell about it.
Cochise refused to go to Washington for negotiations of any kind. He did not trust the United States government. Yet he permitted his son, Taza, to go. Taza got the disease pneumonia and died. He is buried in the American capital.
In Eighteen-Seventy, General George Crook took command of the territory of Arizona. He won the loyalty of a number of Apaches. He got many of them to live on reservations, the public lands set aside for the Indians. But his main target was Cochise.
Cochise agreed to come out of the mountains to discuss moving his people to a reservation in Arizona. But the federal government began moving other Apache tribes to a reservation in New Mexico. Cochise refused to agree to move to any place but his home territory. He returned to the mountains to hide.
In the spring of Eighteen-Seventy-Two, he decided to negotiate a peace treaty. General Oliver Otis Howard met with Cochise in his hidden mountain headquarters. That summer, they agreed to establish a reservation in Chiricahua territory in Arizona. General Howard promised Cochise that his people would be allowed to live on their homeland forever. Cochise surrendered. He lived on the reservation peacefully until his death, in Eighteen-Seventy-Four.
Two years later, the federal government broke the treaty and forced the Apaches to move. Some of them refused. Led by Geronimo and Cochise's son Naiche, they fled to the mountains. For ten years, they continued raiding. Finally, they too surrendered and were moved far away.
Cochise had fought fiercely to protect the land the Apaches considered home. But he lost. He once said, "Wars are fought to see who owns the land, but in the end it possesses man. Who dares say he owns it--is he not buried beneath it?"
重点解析
1.resistance 反抗
A CBS correspondent in Colombo says the troops are encountering stiff resistance.
哥伦比亚广播公司驻科伦坡的一名记者报道说，军队正遭遇顽强的抵抗。
2.at peace 处于和平状态
As a matter of fact, the town was at peace.
实际上市镇里是太平无事。
3.permit 准许
The guards permitted me to bring my camera and tape recorder.
守卫允许我带上相机和录音机。
4.He did not have any experience in dealing with Indians.
deal with处理；打交道
When I worked in Florida I dealt with tourists all the time.
我在佛罗里达州工作时一直和游客打交道。
5.The officer was concerned only with succeeding at his first command.
succeed at 在...方面成功
It's boring to succeed at the same thing every time.
每次都在同一件事情上成功是非常无聊的。
6.The Apaches fought so fiercely that troops, settlers and traders were forced to withdraw from the territory.
withdraw from 撤退
I don't know if he will withdraw from the race.
我不知道他是否将退出比赛。
参考译文
18世纪，印第安人试图阻止白人定居者迁往美国西部。今天雷·弗里曼和雪莉·格里菲斯将为我们讲述印第安反抗领袖之一—阿帕切族酋长可奇思的故事。1800年中期，美国西南部仅有几个白人定居者。这是阿帕切族的领土。
奇里卡华人是几个阿帕切族族群中的一支，他们生活在现在的亚利桑那州南部和新墨西哥。奇里卡华人首领，可奇思适应了停留在阿帕切族路口的美国旅行者和军队官员的存在。这里是这片地区中唯一能找到饮用水的地方。奇里卡华人和定居者平静生活于此。他们向定居者售卖木材。1858年，可奇思允许Butterfield Overland Mail公司在此修建一个休息区。他让邮递员和其他旅行者通过这片地区安全抵达加利福尼亚。
1861年2月，一名美国军官要求和可奇思说话。他想和可奇思讨论几个问题。一些家畜不见了。该地一个农家的孩子不见了。乔治·巴斯科姆少尉命令尽一切可能寻找这个孩子。他没有和印第安人打交道的经验。可奇思在阿帕切族算是高挑的—有近六尺。他的颧骨高达，鼻子也很奇怪。他黑色的帽子搭到肩膀，这是一种阿帕切传统方式。他认为自己是有力量的人。一位美国官员说他“站得笔直、强壮、堪称完美。”阿帕切族奇里卡华人相信这个首领很有智慧并能够赢得战争。他们认为领袖不是被选择而是被认可。可奇思是一名阿帕切族奇里卡华人酋长的儿子，从小就接受领袖培训。认识他的白人既怕他又尊敬他。不论是朋友还是敌人都认为他是一个诚实的人。他总是说实话并期望别人也如此。当他和巴斯科姆中尉见面时，可奇思大约55岁。他是一名不同寻常的权利首领。
巴斯科姆中尉对可奇思一无所知。这名长官只关心这次任务的成功。可奇思并没有对农场进行突袭，所以这名阿帕切族首领认为美国士兵是为了和平而来。他和他的妻子以及另外四个人去和他们会面，这四个人是他的兄弟，他的儿子和两名亲戚。他携家人前来是信任的预示。但是巴斯科姆中尉并不明白这种预示。他们在巴斯科姆中尉的帐篷里会面。可奇思告诉这名长官他的族人并未参与这次突袭。可奇思表示他会尽他所能帮助寻找这个男孩。他告诉巴斯科姆中尉他认为这个男孩被白山阿帕切族带走了，白山阿帕切族生活在奇里卡华北部。几年后，他们发现男孩确实是被白山阿帕切族带走的。但是巴斯科姆中尉确定是可奇思藏匿了这个男孩。他指控可奇思在撒谎。起初，可奇思不理解，他认为这个美国人在开玩笑。巴斯科姆中尉告诉可奇思，他和他的家人将被关押起来，直到那些牲口和男孩被送回来为止。可奇思迅速作出回应。他站起来，拿出他的小刀在帐篷上开了一个洞并从洞中逃走。守候在外的士兵遭遇突袭。他们朝着可奇思开了三次枪，都没拦下他。可奇思其中一个亲戚也试图跳出帐篷，但是士兵们抓住了他。之后可奇思告诉一名美国人，当他一路逃至山顶时，手里还握着咖啡杯。
可奇思抓住了四名美国人并给巴斯科姆中尉留下交换人质的信息。但是巴斯科姆中尉两天后才看到可奇思的信息。只是到那时已经晚了。美国人已经被可奇思的兄弟和其他两个亲戚绞死。他们释放了可奇思的儿子和妻子。可奇思立刻制定计划赔偿被亲戚绞死的美国人。可奇思杀死了他的囚犯。他决定不再信任美国人。他说，“我想和白人和平相处，但他们却因其他印第安人的所作所为而想要杀掉我；现在，不论生死，我都将与他们斗争。”这次事件导致了多年的暴力和恐怖。可奇思统一了阿帕切族。
他们攻击美国军队和不断搬到西南部的白人定居者。阿帕切族的对抗如此激烈，部队、定居者和贸易商被迫撤从这片领土撤退。似乎阿帕切族暂时控制住了亚利桑那州。可奇思在斗争中的勇敢广为人知。他的斗争，就像是他认为这是在保护自己不受伤害一样。一名美国士兵描述可奇思是如何错开他的射击。他说，可奇思倒至马的一边，挂在马脖子上并利用其身体作保护。
1862年，约两千人从加利福尼亚进军阿帕切族路口，该军由詹姆斯·卡尔顿指挥。他们试图在太平洋海岸和美国东部之间重建通讯。可奇思将五百名阿帕切族战士藏在阿帕切族路口附近。阿帕切族进行了猛烈的攻击。突然，美国人发射了两枚大炮，印第安人逃跑。奇里卡华阿帕切族首领曼加斯·科罗拉多斯伤情严重，但活下来了。六个月后，他试图和那些美国士兵签署和平条约。他被囚禁起来并被射击而死。曼加斯的谋杀确定了可奇思的信仰—美国人决不能信任。
可奇思变成了所有阿帕切族部落的主要首领。他和他的战士们越过亚利桑那州东南部，折磨并杀死每个他们发现的人，包括小孩子。联邦政府进行一次运动要杀死或抓捕所有阿帕切族人。可奇思和两百名追随者躲藏在亚利桑那州奇里卡华山脉逃过了抓捕。经过此事后，新的白人定居者建立。阿帕奇人继续突袭并在山脉隐藏。十二年来，从美国到墨西哥，可奇思一直在逃避军队的抓捕。亚利桑那州官员称他是“头号公敌”。传说见过他的白人没有一个能活着的。可奇思拒绝去华盛顿进行任何形式的谈判。他不信任美国政府。但他还是允许他的儿子 Taza去了。 Taza得了肺炎死掉了。他被葬在美国首都。
1870年，乔治·克鲁克将军掌管亚利桑那州。他获得了一些阿帕奇人的忠诚。他让其中大部分人在保护区内生活，这是为印第安人而留出来的公共土地。但是他的主要目标是可奇思。可奇思同意从山里出来讨论他的族民搬迁事宜。但是联邦政府开始讲其他阿帕切族部落迁往新墨西哥保护区。可奇思拒绝离开他的家园领土。他回到山中藏了起来。1872年春季，他决定就和平条约谈判。奥利弗·奥蒂斯·霍华德将军在可奇思隐藏山脉的总部和他会面。
那个夏天，他们同意在亚利桑那州阿帕切族领地内建立保护区。霍华德将军承诺可奇思，允许他的族人永远生活在自己的家园。可奇思投降。他一直平静地生活在这个保护区内，直到1874年去世。两年后，联邦政府毁约并强迫阿帕切族搬离。一些族人拒绝搬走。在杰罗尼莫和可奇思儿子Naiche的带领下，他们逃至山中。十年中，他们继续突袭。最终，他们也投降并搬到了很远的地方。可奇思为了保护阿帕切族心中的领土而激烈斗争，但是他输了。他曾说道，“战争是为了见证领土的所有者是谁，但最终是土地占领了人类。有谁敢说自己拥有这块土地呢，难道他不是也要埋葬在土地之下么？”
译文为可可英语翻译，未经授权请勿转载！
