(单词翻译:单击)
Passage One
短文一
We're going to start our discussion of poetry in Western Europe with The Iliad and The Odyssey.
我们以《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》这两部史诗作为开端来探讨西欧的诗歌。
These two great poems are believed to have been written sometime between 800BC and 700BC,
人们普遍认为这两部伟大的诗篇的创作时间是在公元前800年至公元前700年间，
partly because the poems refer to the social conditions of that time, conditions that have been validated by the findings of archeologists.
对这一时间的确认部分是因为书中出现了考古学家认证为那个时期的社会状况。
But just who was the poet who laid down these cornerstones of western literature?
但是究竟是哪位诗人为西方文学奠定了这样的基石呢？
Tradition ascribes them to a man named Homer, but we know virtually nothing about this Homer.
人们习惯上把它们归功于一个名为荷马的人，但是我们对这个荷马几乎一无所知。
In fact, some say that such a poet never existed at all,
事实上，有些人说这位诗人根本就不存在，
that neither The Iliad nor The Odyssey was written by a single poet,
《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》都不是由一位诗人单独创作的，
but rather each poem is composed of the writings of several people.
而是由多人共同写作而成。
This is the view of a school of literary critics in the 18th century known as the Analysts.
这些人就是18世纪的以文学分析家身份闻名的一批文学评论家。
The Analysts pointed to internal evidence such as variations in the literary devices used in the poem
这些文学分析家指出诗歌中文学手法的多样性
to argue that each work was in fact a collection of several poems by several Greek authors.
表明其是出自多位希腊诗人之手。
Opposing the Analysts were a second group of scholars called the Unitarian.
与这些分析家站在对立面的是一位论派。
They insisted that The Iliad and The Odyssey could have been the work of a single poetic genius.
他们坚信《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》有可能是一位天才诗人的杰作。
To support their argument, they stress among other things the consistency of the character portrayed in the poetry.
在他们的众多论点当中，得到强调的是诗中人物性格的一致性。
This wouldn't have been possible, they said, if they were written by many different poets.
按照他们的说法，如果是由多位诗人所作，根本不可能实现这样的一致性。
Now how we look at the Homeric question today has been greatly influenced by someone named Milman Parry,
现在，我们对荷马问题的研究在很大程度上受到了一位美国学者，米尔曼·帕里的影响。
an American scholar who first presented his ideas about Homer in the 1930s.
米尔曼·帕里在20世纪30年代首次提出了他关于荷马问题上的观点。
So let's take a look at Parry's research.
所以让我们一起来看看帕里的研究成果。
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard.
问题9到问题12是基于刚才你所听到的这篇文章
9.What is the attitude of the professor toward the topic?
9.这位教授对该话题的态度是什么？
10.When were The Iliad and The Odyssey written?
10.《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的创作时间是什么时候？
11.What is the Unitarian's point of view on the poet of The Iliad and The Odyssey?
11.关于《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》一位论派的观点是什么？
12.Why does the professor talk about Milman Parry?
12.这位教授为什么提到了米尔曼·帕里？
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