4.Judges

4.法官

All federal judges are appointed by the President and must be approved by the Senate.

联邦法官由总统任命并经参议院批准产生。

Appointment to the federal bench is a lifetime appointment, based largely on the theory

联邦法院的任职是终身的，这样做的理论根据在很大程度上是：

that such appointment assists in creating a judiciary that are most likely to render decisions on the merits,

这样的任命可以有助于法官公正裁决，

without fear of personal repercussions from the political process.

而不必担心由于政治原因而被辞退。

In the state court system, however, judges at all levels can be either appointed or elected depending upon the procedure established in the particular state,

然而，在州法院体制中，各级法官依特定州的程序规定经任命或经选举产生,

and the terms which judges serve are of varying lengths.

任期长短也是不一致的。

All judges, whether federal or state, are required to comply with canons of judicial ethics.

所有法官，无论是联邦法官或是州法官，都必须遵守司法道德准则。

The judicial canons define appropriate and inappropriate behavior for a judge,

司法道德准则规定了法官应该做和不应该做的行为,

and set forth the situations in which judges must disqualify themselves from a particular proceeding.

并规定了法官在案件审理中应回避的情况。