2.2 Jurisdiction of the State Courts

2.2 州法院的管辖权

Each state has its own court system and each state court system has a trial court level and two levels of appellate review.

每一个州都有自己的法院体制，每一州法院体制都有一级初审法院和两级上诉法院。

With reference to the jurisdiction of a court to hear a lawsuit, state courts are courts of general jurisdiction.

就法院对诉讼案件的管辖权而言，州法院是具有一般管辖权的法院。

Hence, as long as the defendant is served notice of the pending lawsuit, a state court may exert personal jurisdiction ，

所以法院一经向被告发出通知候审，就可以行使属地管辖权，

(also referred to as "territorial jurisdiction") over the defendant and hear any civil matter.

审理民事案件。

A state court may exercise territorial jurisdiction in the following cases:

州法院可以行使属地管辖权的案件有：

(1) a defendant consents to be used in the state where the state court is located;

（1）被告同意在该法庭所在地被起诉；

(2) the defendant is physically present in the forum state;

（2）被告本人身处该法庭所在州；

or (3)such state has a statute which authorizes the exercise of territorial jurisdiction over persons or properties outside the state's borders;

（3）该州有法律规定，授权对该州之外的人或财产行使属地管辖权；

(4) the forum state is where the defendant is domiciled.

（4）该法庭所在州为被告住所地。

In addition to the above state courts with general jurisdiction, state courts are also courts with specialized trial jurisdiction,

除了上诉有一般审判管辖权的州法院外，还有具有专门审判管辖权的州法院，

such as criminal courts, circuit courts, civil courts, juvenile courts and probate courts.

如刑事法院、巡回法院、民事法院、未成年人法院和遗嘱检验法庭。