剑桥雅思9真题听力 第22期Test2(4-2)
日期:2013-07-22 10:54

(单词翻译:单击)

TEST 2
SECTION 4-2

The next type is known as Role Culture - that's R-O-L-E,not R-O-double L,by the way,and this type is usually found in large companies,which have lots of different levels in them.These organisations usually have separate departments that specialise in things like finance,or sales,or maintenance,or whatever.Each one is co-ordinated at the top by a small gruop of senior managers,and typically everyone's job is controlled by sets of rules and procedures - for example,there are specific job descriptions,rules for discipline,and so on.

What are the benefits of this kind of culture?Well firstly,because it's found in large organisations,its fixed costs,or overheads as they're known,are low in relation to its output,or what it produces.In other words it can achieve economies of scale.And secondly,it is particularly successful in business markets where technical expertise is important.On the other hand,this culture is often very slow to recognise the need for change,and even slower to react.What kind of person does this type of culture suit?Well it suits employees who value security,and who don't particularly want to have responsibility.

Moving on now to Task Cultures-this type is found in organisations that are project-oriented.You usually find it where the market for the company's product is extremely competitive,or where the products themselves have a short life-span.Usually top management delegates the projects,the people and other resources.And once these have been allocated,little day-to-day control is exercised from the top,because this would seem like
breaking the rules'.

Now one of the major benefits of this culture is that it's flexible.But it does have some major disadvantages too.For instance,it can't produce economies of scale or great depth of expertise.People who like working in groups or teams refer this type of culture.

And finally,the fourth category is called the Person Culture...

分享到
重点单词
  • achievev. 完成,达到,实现
  • securityn. 安全,防护措施,保证,抵押,债券,证券
  • specificadj. 特殊的,明确的,具有特效的 n. 特效药,特性
  • senioradj. 年长的,高级的,资深的,地位较高的 n. 年长
  • technicaladj. 技术的,工艺的
  • flexibleadj. 灵活的,易弯曲的,柔韧的,可变通的
  • expertisen. 专家的意见,专门技术
  • controln. 克制,控制,管制,操作装置 vt. 控制,掌管,支
  • separaten. 分开,抽印本 adj. 分开的,各自的,单独的 v
  • extremelyadv. 极其,非常