(单词翻译:单击)
Now in his 70s, Frans de Waal, the preeminent Dutch American primatologist, has a career’s worth of perspective on the major through lines of simian research, and an abiding interest in how his field’s findings have been drawn on to support narratives of intrinsic human tendencies.
弗朗斯·德瓦尔是著名的荷兰裔美国灵长类动物学家，现年70多岁，他对猿类研究的主要领域有着职业价值的视角，对该领域的发现如何被用来支持对人类内在倾向的叙述有着持久的兴趣。
De Waal’s own work with chimpanzees in the 1980s loaned the term alpha male to the zeitgeist.
德瓦尔自己在20世纪80年代对黑猩猩的研究将“雄性领袖”一词带入了时代思潮。
He has decried its contemporary connotations of chest-beating chauvinism as a departure from the actual strategies of chimp leadership, which can include more generous and prosocial deeds than acts of bullying.
他谴责该词的现代含义是捶胸的男权主义，偏离了黑猩猩领导的实际战略，其中包括更慷慨和亲社会的行为，而非欺凌行为。
Issues of sex and gender have been on de Waal’s mind for decades.
几十年来，性和性别问题一直萦绕在德瓦尔的脑海中。
In Different: Gender Through the Eyes of a Primatologist, de Waal is concerned with the ways in which we look to primates for precedents of communal life and social cohesion, dynamics that are intimately tied up with movements for equality in our human world.
在《灵长类动物学家眼中的性别差异》一书中，德瓦尔关注的是我们如何从灵长类动物身上寻找公共生活和社会凝聚力的先例，以及与人类世界中争取平等的运动密切相关的动态。
Until surprisingly recently, the notion that the prehistory of patriarchy stretches back to a time before humans were human—that a zoology of patriarchy exists—was leveraged to perpetuate discriminatory aspects of culture, situating them as daunting or obdurate scripts of nature.
令人惊讶的是，直到最近，父权制的史前历史可以追溯到人类出现之前的时代——父权制的生态已经存在——这一概念被用来延续文化中的歧视性方面，将其视为令人生畏或顽固的自然剧本。
To understand how primatology was partway captured by sexist ideologues, and how it is being freed from those strictures, Different suggests, we must look not just to scientists’ shifting mindsets, but also to social and political concerns that inevitably shape research and its reception.
书中的观点认为，为了了解灵长类动物学是如何被性别歧视的意识形态所俘虏的，以及它是如何从这些束缚中解放出来的，我们不仅必须关注科学家心态的转变，还必须关注不可避免地影响研究及其接受程度的社会和政治问题。
When Ham arrived back at Cape Canaveral the next day, he was delivered to a scrum of reporters and photographers.
当哈姆第二天回到卡纳维拉尔角时，他被送到一群记者和摄影师面前。
He screamed with such ungoverned agitation that he soon had to be removed.
他焦虑不安，难以控制，尖叫起来，很快就不得不把他撵走。
However distressing Ham’s outbursts appeared, onlookers may not have been surprised to see him acting beastly.
无论哈姆的情感爆发多么令人烦扰，旁观者看到他的野蛮行为可能并不感到惊讶。
The earliest accounts of chimpanzee temperament portrayed the animals as placid, forest-dwelling frugivores, but their profile started to shift during the Cold War, based on observations of males in the wild vying ferociously with one another over territory and status.
关于黑猩猩性情的最早描述是，性情温和，是生活在森林里的果食动物，但在冷战期间，黑猩猩的形象开始转变，这是基于对野生雄性黑猩猩为争夺领土和地位而激烈竞争的观察。
Scattered reports of infanticide among primates were later borne out by fieldwork.
后来，野外调查证实了灵长类动物杀婴的零星报道。
