Hi again. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam.
大家好，欢迎回到www.engvid.com，我是Adam。
Today's lesson is, again, one of your favourites, phrasal verbs; everybody's favourites because they're so much fun and easy to understand.
今天的课程是你们最喜欢的动词词组，大家都喜欢动词词组，因为很有意思，还很容易理解。
Today we're going to look at phrasal verbs with "hold". Okay?
今天我们要学习的是"hold"相关的动词词组。
We have 10 of them.And again, what is a phrasal verb? Just to review.
有10个。什么是动词词组呢？来复习一下。
It is a verb, in this case: "hold", plus a preposition, when put together, have completely different meanings than the two words by themselves.So, let's start.We have: "hold on".
就是动词，今天讲的是"hold"，加一个介词，放在一起与他们单独成单词有很大的差别。好，我们开始。首先是"hold on"。
Now, many of you might hear this one when you call somebody on the phone and you say: -"Hi, may I speak with Joe?" -"Oh, yeah, I'll get him. Hold on."
很多人可能都听过这个，你打电话的时候，你会说：“我能跟Joe说话吗？” - “我去叫他，等一下。”
What does "hold on" mean? Means wait."Hold on" also means grab.
"Hold on"的意思就是等一下。"Hold on"也有抓取的意思。
So if you're on the bus and you see like it's a bit shaky, you hold on to the bar so you don't fall.
如果你在公交车上，有些颠簸，你就得抓住扶手以防摔倒。
"Hold on", wait; "hold on", grab.Next, we have: "hold off".Now, "hold off" can also mean wait.
"Hold on"，等待，抓住。下一个，"Hold off"。"Hold off"也有等待的意思。
But whereas "hold on" means I'm telling you to wait, usually "hold off" means you're waiting for something else to finish. Right?
但是与"Hold on"是让别人等待不同的是，"hold off"的意思是你在等着某件事情结束。
So I will hold off giving you the quiz until I finish explaining everything.
我会等我讲完所有的东西再给你们测试。
It's a little bit like postpone as well.It can also means...It could also mean - sorry - delay.
有点儿像延后的意思。还有推迟的意思。
So, we will hold off the election until everybody has a chance to find out who the candidates are.
我们会让所有人都有机会了解候选人之后再进行选举。
Okay? So we will hold off, we will postpone it or delay it."Hold up".
明白了吗？我们会推迟。"Hold up".
"Hold up" also means delay, to delay something.
"Hold up"也有推迟的意思。
So the party was held up because not enough people came because of the bad weather. Okay?
由于天气不好，来的人不多，所以派对要推迟。
Or the concert was held up because the singer was a little bit sick, couldn't make it on to the stage for whatever reason.
或者说由于歌手生病了或者其他原因不能上台，所以演唱会推迟。
A completely different meaning of "hold up" is: "Stick 'em up. This is a hold up." A robbery. Okay?
还有一个完全不同的意思就是：“举起手来，打劫！”
But what you have to remember is this could also be a noun, a one-word noun.
你要记住的是这个时候也可以合起来变成一个名词。
In that case, it's a robbery.
在那种情况下，就是打劫。
The bank robbers walked into the bank and held up the tellers to get their money.
劫匪走进银行劫持银行柜员，抢走银行的钱。
"Hold out"."Hold out" also means wait, but in a very different context.
"Hold out"."Hold out"也是说等待，但是是完全不同的语境。
If you're holding out for something better, it means you're waiting for a better offer, or a better situation, or anything better to come along.
如果你在等待某个更好的东西，就是说你在等一份更好的报价，更好的情况，或者任何要发生的更好的事情。
So, for example: in sports, you will hear this word often.
比如说，在体育运动中，你会经常听到这个说法。
A professional hockey player is coming to the end of his...coming to the end of his contract.
职业冰球运动员的合同快结束了。
The team wants to sign him to a new contract, but he's not. He's not signing.Why? He wants more money.
球队想要让他续签一份新的合同，但是他没有。为什么呢？因为他想要更多的钱。
They say: "Okay. We're not going to give you more money".He'll say: "Okay, I'll wait".
他们会说：“好吧，我们不能给你更多钱了。”他就可以说：“好吧，那我再等等看。”
So he is holding out for a better offer.This could also be a noun, a "holdout".
所以他在等待更高报价的出现。这也可以变成名词，"holdout"。
We would say the person is a holdout for a better contract."Hold over"."Hold over" also means to delay.
我们可以说这个人正在等待更大的合同。"Hold over"."Hold over"也是说推迟。
The exhibition was held over until next week because of technical difficulties.
由于技术问题，展览推迟到下周。
The lights weren't working or there was a problem with the electricity, so the exhibition was held over to the next week.
灯不亮了，或者电力出现问题，所以展览推迟到下周。
"Hold against".Also, two meanings.I can hold the pen against my chest.
"Hold against".它也有两个意思。我可以拿这支笔抵住我的胸口。
I could hold the baby against my heart, for example.
我可以把小孩子抱在胸前。
But "hold against" - completely different meaning - means to have a grudge.
但是"hold against"有完全不同的意思，是说怀恨在心。
Now, I'm not sure if you guys know what "grudge" means.
我不确定你们能不能理解"grudge"的含义。

A grudge means when you...When somebody did something bad to you and you just can't forgive them.
"Grudge"的意思是说，有人对你做了什么不好的事情，你无法原谅他们。
You will always remember that bad thing they did and you will always hold it against them.
你一直记着他们对你做的坏事，你也一直怀恨在心。
Every time they want to speak to you, you're...In the back of your mind is that bad thing they did.
每次他们想跟你说话的时候，你的潜意识里就会想起他们做的事。
You're always remembering; you're never forgetting, you're never forgiving.
你一直记着，从未忘记，也从来无法原谅。
So you hold it against them all the time.They want to help you, you don't trust them.
所以你一直在心里记恨他们。他们想要帮你，但你无法相信他们。
You hold it against them that they did something bad to you in the past."Hold onto", again two meanings.
你一直记着他们过去对你做的坏事。"Hold onto"，也有两个含义。
Similar to "hold on", hold on to something, "hold onto" your seats, we're going to go very fast.
与"hold on"差不多，抓好你的座位，我们要开的很快。
So when you go to a movie, for example, say: "Hold onto your seats, this is going to be an exciting ride", or an exciting movie, or whatever.
比如说你在看电影，会说：“抓好座位，这段旅程可是很刺激。”或者这个电影很刺激，或者其他什么。
"Hold onto" also means keep.Hold onto your job, basically.Don't lose your job; hold onto it.
"Hold onto"也是说保持。可以说保住工作。别丢掉工作。
Hold onto your friends. Never lose your friends; not a good idea.
保住朋友，别弄丢朋友。那可不是个好主意。
"Hold back"."Hold back" is to restrain someone.
"Hold back"."Hold back"是说控制住某人。
It means keep them back from going forward or to hold back somebody who's very angry, for example.
拉住某人不让他继续向前，比如说拉住一个非常生气的人。
Somebody made me very angry, I want to go fight...I'm not a very violent person, but, you know, it happens.
某人让我很生气，我很想打一架……我不是什么暴力的人，但这种事情确实会发生。
I'm about to go fight, but then all my friends hold me back and don't let me go forward to do anything.
我想要打架，但是我的朋友们都拉住我，不让我做任何事。
"Hold back" is...Another way to think of it is in school.
另外一种解释就是想一下在学校的时候。
If a...If a child or a student does very badly, the school will hold him or her back for a year; they will have to do the year over again.They've been held back.
如果某个学生学的非常差，学校就会让他们留级一年，他们得再学一年。那就是被留级了。
"Hold down"."Hold down" is like, for...Like, for example, physically hold something down.
"Hold down"."Hold down"就是说把某个东西压住。
Like if I want to fight and I'm on the ground, my friends will hold me down; they won't let me stand back up to fight.
就像我想去打架，我正坐在地上，我的朋友就会压住我，不让我站起来再去打架。
"Hold down" also, when you're talking about food. Okay?
说食物的时候也可以用到"hold down"。
So, I ate a lot of pizza and then got on a roller coaster, like going up and down, and I just couldn't hold down my food; it all came up and out.
我吃了很多披萨，然后去做了过山车，上下飞腾，我就控制不住我胃里的食物了，就会开始往上反。
I couldn't hold it down.We also say "hold down" about a job.
我压不住它们。我们也会说"hold down"一份工作。
A person who can hold down a job will have a successful life because he or she has money.
能保住以自己工作的人会很成功，因为他/她很有钱。
So hold down a job means keep a job, be able to keep a job.
所以说"hold down"一份工作就是说保住一份工作。
And last one: "hold to".Now, this is a little bit particular situations. Right?
最后一个，"hold to"。这个需要在特定场合下用到。
I'm going to hold you to your promise, means I'm going to make you keep your promise.
我希望你信守承诺。
So, you say: "Okay, I can't talk to you right now, but let's meet next week for a coffee".Say: "Okay, I'm going to hold you to that".
你可以说：“我现在没法跟你聊，我们下周一起喝个咖啡吧。”“好，我记下了啊。”
It means: next week I'm going to call you and you're going to meet me for a coffee. Okay?
意思就是说，下周我会给你打电话，然后一起过来喝个咖啡。
So there you go again. "Hold" with 10 different prepositions.Lots of different meanings and uses.
好，我们今天学了"hold"的10个动词词组。有非常多不同的意思和用法。
But again, you need to practice this. Go to www.engvid.com. There's a quiz there you can practice these phrasal verbs with.And come visit us again soon. Bye.
但是你还是需要练习，到www.engvid.com上找测试题，就可以练习了。下次见，拜拜。