Hey, guys. I'm Alex.Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this advanced vocabulary lesson on five nouns to sound smart.
大家好，我是Alex。感谢点击收看，欢迎来到这次的进阶版词汇课，五个名词让你听起来更聪明。
In this lesson, we will look at five words that are a little bit more formal and you can use whether you're giving a lecture,
这节课上，我们会学5个稍微正式一些的单词，无论是你在讲课的时候、
if you're doing any type of formal writing, if you're writing an essay, if you're giving a speech in front of a crowd of people,
写正式文件的时候、写论文的时候或者在一群人面前演讲的时候都可以用到，如果你想让你的朋友觉得“这家伙用了一些好高级的词汇啊！”或者“这姑娘！”的话，
and you can also use it in everyday dinner conversations if you want your friends to think that: "Hmm, this guy is using some really high-level vocabulary", or: "this girl".
你在日常晚餐聊天的时候也可以用得上这几个词。
Let's start with the word: "bedlam". So the sentence here says: "The streets were in bedlam during the protests."
最开始的这个单词是“混乱的场景”(bedlam)。这句话写道：“在抗议的过程中街道上一片混乱。”

"Protest" is a word some of you Spanish speakers, Portuguese speakers, you might use the word: "manifestations".
“Protest”这个单词，如果你是说西班牙语或者葡萄牙语的话，你可能就会用“manifestations”来表达了。
In English, we say: "protests". All right?So: "The streets were in bedlam during the protests."
英语里面，我们用“protest”。那么：“在抗议的过程中街道上一片混乱。”
So if you imagine a protest happening with a lot of people, you're probably imaging lots of chaos if it's not a peaceful protest.
所以当你想象一场许多人参与的抗议，如果不是和平抗议的话，你就会想到许多混乱的场景。
Okay? So, "bedlam" basically means chaos and disorder, something that is not organized.And we often use the preposition, "in" before "bedlam".
“Bedlam”的意思就是混乱无序，某种毫无组织的事情。我们把介词'in'放在'bedlam'前面。
So: "It was in bedlam.", or: "The streets were in bedlam." or: "It's bedlam in here." It's chaos, it's disorder. Okay?
所以：“那当时一片混乱。”或者：“街道上混乱不堪。”或者：“这里面可真乱。”混乱的，无序的。明白了吗？
The next noun is: "gall". Okay?So if we look at the sentence: "She had the gall to call me lazy!"
下一个名词是：“怨恨，胆子”(gall)。我们来看例句：“她竟然敢说我很懒！”
So if someone calls you lazy, you're probably very offended and you think: "I can't believe that person said that."
如果有人说你很懒的话，你可能会觉得很生气，而且你会想：“我不敢相信那个人竟然这么说。”
I can't believe they had the nerve - okay? - to actually say that.
我不敢相信他们竟然有勇气——明白吗？——去说那些话。
So, "gall" basically refers to the bold courage or the nerve to say something.
所以“gall”指的就是说某事的勇气或胆量。
So it refers to your nerve or bold courage. Okay?Next up, we have: "juxtaposition".
指的就是你的胆量或莽撞的勇气。下一个，“并列”(juxtaposition)。
Very good word, especially in academics and especially if you're writing essays of comparison and contrast.
非常好的一个单词，特别是在学术写作中或者当你在写一篇关于对比比较的论文的时候。
So the sentence we have is: "A child next to an old man is a strong juxtaposition."
这里的句子是：“老人旁边的孩子是一个很强烈的对比。”
So, the word "juxtaposition", the word "juxta" actually means near and "position" means position, so near in position.
'juxtaposition'中，'juxta'表示很近，'position'是位置，所以整个单词的意思是表示位置很近。
When two things are in juxtaposition, it just means they are near to each other, placed next to each other.
两个东西并列的时候，意味着他们相互之间很近。
And we often juxtapose which is the verb form, we juxtapose two things that are different from each other to compare them, to contrast things.
我们常用动词形式'juxtapose'，我们把两个不同的东西并排放来比较它们，进行对比。
Okay? So, basically, "juxtaposition" means near in position.
所以，“juxtaposition”的意思就是位置很近。
And commonly, this word is used when you want to compare and contrast two things that are not the same, that are not alike.
大多数情况下，你想要比较两个不一样的东西的时候，就会用到这个单词。
So you place things in juxtaposition with one another, near to each other, and then you can compare them, contrast them. Okay?
你把一个东西摆在另一个旁边，放得近一些，你就可以比较他们了，明白了吗？
Next up: "quagmire". If we have this sentence: "The war has created a quagmire."
下一个：“泥潭，无法脱身的境地”(quagmire)。例句：“战争造成了困境。”
So when you think about a war happening anywhere in the world,
想想世界上任何一个地方发生的战争，
it's probably a very difficult situation for citizens and that is precisely what a quagmire is, is that it's a difficult, hard situation that is difficult to escape, that is difficult to get out of. All right?
对于平民来说都是一个非常困难的境地，那就是困境，很难逃离的状况，很难脱身。明白了吗？
So a quagmire, we're going to say a difficult situation. Okay?
所以'a quagmire'就是一个很困难的境地。
So think about being stuck in like mud and...And you can't really escape or it's difficult to escape the mud.
想象一下被困在泥潭里的感觉……你很难逃脱出那片泥潭。
And specifically, we more talk about the situation of, you know, wars or personal situations that are quagmires.
更准确的说，我们常说战争或者个人情况变成困境。
And finally, we have: "rabble".
最后一个单词，“暴民”。
And in this sentence, we have: "The police couldn't control the rabble."
例句是：“警察控制不住暴民。”
So, the rabble, going back to protests, refers to the common people.
所以，暴民，回到抗议那部分，指的是普通人。
Now, the rabble specifically refers to a group of disorderly people or a mob you can say.
暴民更精确地说指一群混乱无序的人，或者暴徒。
So rabble is basically a mob of common people or citizens.
暴民就是一群普通人或平民组成的暴徒。
And just to give you one bonus vocabulary, the word, "rabble", a person who excites the rabble, excites the common people and leads the protest is called: "a rabble rouser".
给你一个额外与'rabble'有关的说法，怂恿暴民的人，激发普通人并且领导抗议的那个人叫做'a rabble rouser'。
And I'm going to write that here for you guys, "a rabble rouser".
我在这里给你们写下来，'a rabble rouser'。
So this is the person, the person who excites the people, and says: "Come on, let's go! We're going to fight back against the government or fight back against the police."
这就是那个怂恿人民的人，叫喊着：“来吧，我们走！我们要反抗政府，反抗警察！”
They are called "a rabble rouser" because they excite or rouse the rabble, the common people, the mob. Okay?
这些人就是'a rabble rouser'，激发或者怂恿暴民、暴徒的人。
All right, guys, so one more time."Bedlam" refers to chaos and disorder.
好的，再来一遍。“Bedlam”指的是混乱无序。
"Gall" refers to the nerve or the courage, the bold courage to do something.
“Gall”是指胆量或勇气。
Juxt-..."A juxtaposition" is basically a comparison of two things that are next two each other.
“A juxtaposition”的意思是两个相邻事物进行比较。
"A quagmire" is a situation that is difficult to escape from.And "rabble", a mob of common people.
“A quagmire”是很难逃脱的困境。“Rabble”就是普通人组成的暴徒。
So, as always, if you'd like to check your understanding of this vocabulary, you can do the quiz on www. engvid. com.
像平常一样，如果你想要检查一下自己对于这些单词的理解，你可以到www.engvid.com上做测试。
And don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel.I'll see you guys next time.
别忘了订阅我的YouTube频道。下次见。