Hi.Welcome to www. engvid. com. I'm Adam.In today's video we're going to look at participles.
嗨。欢迎来到 www.engvid.com. 我是 Adam.今天的视频，我们会学习分词。
Now, this is a little bit more advanced grammar, but it's very useful and it's used in everyday speaking, but especially for writing and reading because you're going to see participles everywhere.
这是偏高级一点的语法，但是很有用，它被用于日常的口语中，但更多用于书面语和阅读中，因为你会在任何地方发现分词。
What participles do is they help you get sentence variety, they help you make your sentences shorter, if necessary, they give you a little bit of style.
分词的作用是帮你让句子更多样，帮你让句子更简短，如果必要的话，让你的句子多点风格。
Okay?There are two participles that we need to look at, they are called the active or passive participle.
对吧？我们要学习的分词有两种，它们被叫做主动分词和被动分词。
Sometimes you'll see them as present or past participle.Past participles, you're familiar with.
有时候你会把它们看成现在分词或者过去分词。过去分词，你们很熟悉。

Sometimes they're called the verb three, so: "eat", past tense "ate", past participle is "eaten".Right?So that's the participle.
有时候它们被称为动词的三种形式，就是："eat"，过去式"ate"，过去分词"eaten"。对吧？那是一种分词。
Now, especially with the "ing" you have to be careful because "ing" words, although they are verbs with "ing", they can be pretty much anything.
那么，你必须特别小心带"ing"的单词，因为带"ing"的单词，尽管它们是带"ing"的动词，但是它们可以作为任何成分。
They could be a gerund, as you know, so they're nouns; they could be part of the continuous verb, so "be going",
它们可以是一个动名词，那么它们就是作为名词；它们可以作为持续性动词的一部分，所以"be going"，
so: "I am going", it's a continuous action; but "ing" words can also be adjectives and adverbs.
即："I am going"，它是一个持续性的动作；但是 "ing" 单词还可以用为形容词和副词。
When they are adjectives and adverbs they are actually participles.
当它们作为形容词和副词时，它们实际上是分词。
So it's very important to recognize them and know how to use them.
所以分清它们并知道如何使用它们是很重要的。
So what I want to do first is I want to look at the adjective participles.
所以我首先想要做的是讲一下形容词性分词。
Now, what you have to remember about adjective participles, they are...They are reduced adjective clauses.
关于形容词性分词你必须要记住的是，它们...它们是简化的形容词从句。
You know an adjective clause, it's meant to modify a noun.
你知道一个形容词从句，原本是修饰一个名词的。
It identifies it or gives extra information about a noun.
它修饰或者是给这个名词增加格外的信息。
A participle, an adjective participle is that adjective clause minus the subject and the verb.
一个分词，一个形容词性分词就是形容词从句减去主语和动词。
Okay? But we're going to look at that in a second.So let's look at this sentence first.Oh, sorry, let me...I made a little mistake here.
对吧？但是我们一会儿再来看这个。我们先来看第一个例句。额，抱歉，让我...我在这犯了点小错误。
"Dressed in his class-A uniform, the marine looked like a recruitment poster."
“在班级里穿上制服后，这个海军士兵犹如一幅招兵海报。”
So this is the passive or the past participle ending in "ed", it's a regular verb, so: "dressed"."Dressed in his class-A uniform".
这里是以 "ed" 结尾的被动或者是过去分词，它是一个规则动词，所以是"dressed"。“在班级里穿上制服”。
Now, if I rearrange the sentence, really, it says: "The marine, who was dressed in his class-A uniform, looked like a recruitment poster."
那么，如果我重新编排一下这个句子，实际上，它在说：“这个海军士兵，在班级里穿着制服，看起来像是一幅招君海报。”
Okay?Like a poster that wants people to join the marines, etc.
对吧？像一幅吸引人们加入海军的海报。
But I can take that adjective clause, I get rid of the "who was" or "who is", depending on the tense.
但是我可以把形容词从句挑出来，根据时态，我去掉"who was"或者 "who is"。
Get rid of that, and I'm left with a participle phrase.
去掉这个后，我就剩下了一个分词短语。
Now, I can take that participle phrase and move it to the beginning of the sentence, just like I have here.
那么，我可以把这个分词短语放在句子开头，就像这里。
The key when you're using participles at the beginning...A participle phrase at the beginning of a sentence,
在句子开头使用分词的关键在于...分词短语在句子开头时，
you must make sure that the subject, which is not there but it is understood: who was, who is the marine,
你必须确保主语虽然不在这里但是你能理解：who was，who is the marine，
so the marine who was dressed in his class-A, and then the subject of the independent clause must be the same subject.
所以是这个在班级里穿着制服的海军士兵，之后独立性从句的主语必须是相同的主语。
Okay?We're going to look at a couple more examples.
对吧？我们再来看几个例句。
"Standing near the window, Marie could see the entire village."
“Marie 站在窗子旁，可以看见整个村庄。”
Look at the other example: "Standing near the window, the entire village was in view."
另一个例子：“站在窗子旁，整个村庄一览无余。”
Now, many people will look at both sentences and think: "Yeah, okay, I understand them. They're both correct."
现在，很多人看见这俩个句子会想：“嗯，我明白，它们都是对的。”
This sentence is incorrect.Why?Because the subject here is "the village".Can the village stand near the window?
这个句子是不对的。为什么？因为这里的主语是“村庄”。村庄能站在窗子旁吗？
No, it can't.So: "Standing near the window" means Marie."Marie, who was standing near the window, could see the entire village."
不，不能。所以：“站在窗子旁”指的是 Marie。“Marie，站在窗子旁，可以看见整个村庄。”
This subject cannot do this action, so you have to make sure that the implied or the understood subject in the participle is the exact same as the subject of the independent clause that follows it.
这个主语不能做这个动作，所以你必须确保分词的隐含的主语或者逻辑主语是和后面的独立性从句完全一致的。
Okay?That's very, very important.
对吧？这个非常非常重要。
So now what we're going to do, I'm going to look at a few more examples and I want to show you that you can start the sentence with a participle phrase,
那么我们接下来做什么，我打算多看一些例句，我想向你演示你可以用一个分词短语作为句子开头，
but you can also leave it in the middle of the sentence.
但是你也可以把它放在句子中间。
Okay? Let's look at that.Okay, let's look at these examples now and you'll see the different positions the participles can take.
好吗？我们来看这里。好，我们现在来看这些例子，你会发现分词可以在不同的地方。
And again, we're talking about participle phrases for the most part.
再说一次，我们主要在讲分词短语。
"The jazz musician, known for his tendency to daydream, got into a zone and played for an hour straight."Okay?
“这个爵士乐手，以好做白日梦出名，他进了一家动物园，然后演奏了一个小时。”对吧？
So what we're doing here, we're giving you a little bit more information about the musician.
那么我们在这里要做什么，我们要给你关于这个音乐家更多的信息。
We're not identifying him.We're giving you extra information, which is why we have the commas.
我们不是在修饰他。我们是在增加而为外地信息，这也是为什么我们用逗号。
Because if this was a...If this were a regular adjective clause, it would be a non-identifying adjective clause and I would have...The tense is not important.
因为如果这是一个...如果这是一个规则性形容词从句，它是一个非修饰性形容词从句，我会...时态没关系。
It can be both."He is known" or "He was known", depending on the situation.
这两个都可以。根据情况判断是"He is known" 或者 "He was known"。
"Who was known", but whenever I have the relative pronoun of the adjective clause working also as the subject,
"Who was known"，但不管什么时候形容词从句的关系代词都要做为主语，
and I have a "be" verb, I can take them both out and leave only the participle and whatever else comes with it.
而且还有一个 "be" 动词，可以把它们两个都去掉，只剩下分词和修饰分词的部分。
If we have a participle and it's only the participle with nothing else after it, that becomes the adjective and it goes before the noun, but I'll show you that after.
如果我们有一个分词，且只有分词本身后面没有任何成分，那就是形容词性的分词，用在名词前，我后面会给你演示。
So this basically is telling you something about the musician, so it comes in the middle.
所以基本上是告诉你一些关于音乐家的事，在句中出现。
Now, in this sentence: "The woman talking to Jeff is his sister."The woman who is talking to Jeff is his sister.
那么，在这个句子里：“跟 Jeff 谈话的那个女人是他姐姐。”那个正在跟 Jeff 谈话的是他的姐姐。
Now I'm identifying the woman, so I don't have a comma here because it's an identifying adjective clause and I take out the relative pronoun subject, and again, the "be" verb.
现在我正在修饰这个女人，所以这里没有逗号，因为它是一个修饰性的形容词从句，我去掉主语关系代词，还有，"be"动词。
Now, don't get me wrong.You can make participles with other verbs beside the "be" verb, but we're going to look at that another time.
现在，不要有误解。你可以使分词在 "be"动词旁搭配其他动词，但是我们下一次再说这个。
For now this is just the basic structure, the basic way to make participles.And again, identifying the woman.
现在我们说的是基本结构，用分词的基本方法。再说一次，是修饰这个女人。
Remember, when we're...When we leave the participle inside a sentence then it's going to come right after the noun it's modifying.
记住，当我们...当我们在句子中留一个分词时，而且在名词之后，修饰名词。
So you don't have to worry too much about making sure the subjects agree.
所以对于确保主语一致这点，你没必要担心太多。
When you put it at the beginning make sure that the subjects agree, with the implied subject, anyway.
总之，当你把分词放在句首时，确保主语同隐形主语一致。
"The station chief was fired, meaning there's an open position."Open position means, like, a job you can apply for.
“这个部门主管被炒了，意味着有了一个空缺岗位。”空缺岗位的意思是，就像，一份你可以申请的工作。
Now, here, again: "which means".Basically, again, I have the relative pronoun, that's also the subject.
那么，再加上："which means"。再说一次通常来讲，我有了关系代词，也是主语。
I have an active verb.I squeeze them both together and I get a participle.
我有一个主动动词。我把它们压缩到一起，我得到了一个分词。
The "which" refers to the entire independent clause.Okay?
这个 "which" 指的是整个独立分句。对吧？
So it doesn't have to be a "be" verb, it can be other verbs, too.
所以它不一定要是一个 "be" 动词，它也可以是其他动词。
But, again, I'll show you construction in another time because it's a little bit more tricky.
但是，下一次我会给你讲这种结构，因为它会更棘手一些。
You can't do it with every adjective clause.You can't do it.
你不能每个形容词从句都这样做。你不能这么做。
But this "meaning" is about the entire independent clause and it comes after the comma, because again, it's not an identifying adjective clause and it ends the sentence.
但是这个 "meaning" 是关于整个独立分句，它在逗号之后，因为它不是一个修饰性的形容词从句，而且它结束了这个句子。
Now, before I mentioned that if you don't have anything after...Right.
现在，我提到的这个，一定是后面没有任何东西了...对。
So if I have, for example: "The broken window"."The broken window was fixed."
如果我有，例如：“坏了的窗户”。“坏了的窗户修好了。”
So imagine the window that was broken, "that" out, "was" out, all I have is "broken".I don't have a whole phrase.
所以假设窗户坏了，去掉 "that"，去掉 "was"，我还剩"broken"。我没有一个完整的短语。
So when I have only one-word participle, when I only have the one word left over after the reduction, then I just treat it like a regular adjective and I put it before the noun.
所以当我只有一个分词时，当我在简化后只有这一个单词时，那么我就把它当成一般形容词，放在名词前。
Okay.And I can do it with an "ing" as well.Okay.So far so good.
好。我也可以把 "ing" 结尾的单词这么做。好。目前为止一切顺利。
Now we're going to look at adverbs where it gets a little bit more confusing.
接下来我们会学习副词部分，会有一点令人困惑。
Okay, so now we're going to look at participles used as adverbs.
那么，我们现在来学习作为副词使用的分词。
So, again, it's very important to understand: What's the difference between an adjective clause and an adverb clause?
再强调一次，理解这点很重要：在形容词从句和副词从句之间有什么不同？
An adjective clause modifies a noun, it gives you extra information about it or it identifies it.
一个形容词从句修饰名词，它给你关于这个名词更多的信息或者修饰这个名词。
An adverb clause shows you a relationship between the adverb clause itself and the independent clause.
一个副词性从句会向你展示副词从句本身和独立从句之间的关系。
Same thing with the participle because an adverb participle phrase is also a reduced clause, it's a reduced adverb clause,
分词也一样，因为一个副词性分词短语同样是一个简化的从句，它是一个简化的副词从句，
but it works in the same way which sometimes can be a little bit confusing.So let's look at the examples.
但是它依然以同样的方式使用，这有时会让人困惑。那么我们来看一些例子。
"Given the choice, most people would probably choose good health over good fortune."
“如果有机会，大多数人可能会选择健康而不是财富。”
So right now you can say: "Most people who are given a choice would probably choose", you could say that.
那么现在你可以说：“大多数人有选择机会的人，可能会选择”，你可以这么说。
You could tell me about which people, or you can show me the relationship about when they would make this choice.
你可以告诉我关于哪个人，或者你可以向我展示关于他们合适会做这个选择的关系。
Now, this would give you a hint: "would choose".It's a hypothetical.
现在，这会给你点提示："would choose"。它是一个假设。
So, technically, this is: "If they were given the choice, most people would probably choose..."
那么，理论上讲，这是：如果他们有这个选择机会的话，大多数人可能会选择...”
So this is a conditional adverb clause reduced to a conditional participle, adverb participle.
这是一个条件副词从句简化成一个条件分词，副词性分词。
So you have your conjunction, your subject, and your verb all squeezed into the participle.
所以你有连接词，主语，动词，所有这些压缩成分词。
But again, the subject must agree.Okay? There must be the same subject.
但是还要说，主语必须一致。对吧？这里必须是相同的主语。
Even if you don't see the subject here, even though it's not a clause, there is no subject, it's a phrase, there is an implied...
尽管你在这里没看见主语，尽管这不是一个从句，这里没有主语，这是一个短语，这有隐含的...
An implied or a suggested subject in that participle, and that's the key to remembering and to using participles.
一个隐含的或者是暗示的主语，这是使用分词要记住的关键之处。
Here: "Realizing that the...The..." Sorry."Realizing that the police were on to him, Bernie quickly moved his millions off shore."
这里：“意识到...这个...”抱歉。“意识到这个警察在找他的茬，Bernie 马上把百万资产转移到了海外。”
Now, here is where you have a little bit of a problem.
这里你可能会有点问题。
This sentence, this participle could be an adjective or it could be an adverb.
这个句子，这个分词可以是一个形容词，或者它可以是一个副词。
When it's not entirely clear, most people will assume or will think of this as an adjective participle.
当它不是完全清楚时，大多数人会假设，或者认为是形容词分词。
So, Bernie who realized that the police were on to him, quickly moved his millions off shore.
那么，Bernie 意识到警察盯上了他，很快就把百万资产转移到了海外。
Or as he realized or because he realized that the police were on to him,
或者 as he realized，或者 because he realized 警察盯上了他。
Bernie quickly moved his millions off shore.Both of them are correct, both of them are okay.
Bernie 很快把百万资产转移到了海外。这两个都是对的，都可以。
But if you ever want to make very sure that your adverb participle is understood as an adverb participle, sometimes add the conjunction.
但如果你想非常确保你的副词性分词被理解为副词性分词，有时要加连接词。
You can have the participle, but add the conjunction just to make sure.
你可以用分词，但是加上连接词以确保不出错。
So if I say: "Delivering his speech to the council, Frank had a heart attack."
所以如果我说：“在理事会面前演讲，Frank 心脏病要犯了。
So, Frank, who was delivering his speech to the council, had a heart attack.
所以，Frank，在理事会面前演讲，心脏病都要犯了。
But I don't want you to understand that I'm saying something about Frank.
但是我不想你觉得我是在说关于 Frank 的事。
I'm not saying that.I'm talking about what happened during the time.
但我不是在说他。我是在说在这段时间发生了什么。
So at the same time two things were happening, a longer action and a quick action: Delivering his speech and had a heart attack.
所以在同一时间有两件事发生了，一个长期的动作，一个很快的动作：发表演讲，犯心脏病。
So, I would add the conjunction "while" to make sure you understand that I'm focusing on the adverb relationship, not modifying Frank with an adjective.
所以，我会加上连接词 "while" 确保你理解我的重点在副词关系上，而不是作为形容词修饰 Frank。
Okay?If you're not sure, use the conjunction.
对吧？如果你不确定，就使用连词。
Now: "She refused to cooperate while targeted by the media."
那么：“当被媒体当成目标后，她拒绝配合。”
In some cases you have to include the conjunction.
在一些情况下，你必须用连接词。
"She refused to cooperate targeted by the media" doesn't make sense.
"She refused to cooperate targeted by the media" 这句话意思不通。
Because if you have this as an adjective, then there must be a noun just before it.
因为如果你把这个当成形容词，那么前面肯定有一个名词。
But here we don't have a noun, we have a verb.
但是这里，我们没有名词，我们有动词。
So right away we understand that it's an adverb clause, but we have to use the conjunction because by itself it doesn't work.
所以我们马上理解它是一个副词从句，但是我们必须用连接词，因为如果只是它自己行不通。
It looks like it could be an adjective.
它看起来可以是一个形容词。
We want to make sure you understand it's an adverb so we add the conjunction, and then we can use the participle.
我们想确保你理解它是一个副词，所以我们加上连接词，之后我们用分词。
"She refused to cooperate while she was targeted by the media."Okay, so there you are, an introduction to participles.
“当被媒体当成目标后，她拒绝配合。”好，这是一个对于分词的简要介绍。
I know they're a little bit confusing and a little bit tricky, but they're used all the time.
我知道它们有些令人困惑，还有一点棘手，但是它们很常用。
And especially if you're going to be doing a reading, if you're going to be doing a test, if you're in school and you need to read,
特别是如果你在做阅读，或者是参加考试，或者是在学校需要阅读时，
if you just want to read newspapers because newspapers use them a lot, they can make all their writing shorter,
或者你只是想读报纸，新闻里用了很多分词，它们可以让文章更简短，
you have to understand how participles work and you have to know how to use them yourself.
你必须理解分词的作用，而且必须知道如何使用它们。
So, if you have any questions about this, please go to www. engvid. com, you can ask questions there in the forum.
所以，如果你有任何关于这点的问题，请登录 www. engvid. com，你可以在论坛提问。
If you like this video, please subscribe to my YouTube channel.Don't forget to take the quiz back at www. engvid. com.
如果你喜欢这个视频，请订阅我的 YouTube 频道。不要忘了回到 www. engvid. com. 完成测验。
And come again, see us soon and we'll have more lessons like this for you.Thanks.
那么，再见了，我们会为你准备更多类似本视频的课程。谢谢。