Hi. Welcome back to www. engvid. com, I'm Adam.
嗨，欢迎回到 www. engvid. com，我是 Adam。
In today's lesson we're going to look at the adjective clause.
在今天的课上，我们要来讲一讲形容词从句。
Now, this is a dependent clause, and if you're not sure what the difference between dependent or independent clause,
这是一个从属分句，如果你不确定从属分句和独立分句之间有什么区别，
you can check out my video about the independent clause and my introduction video to dependent clauses.
可以看看我关于独立分句的视频，以及从属分句的入门视频。
In this lesson, we're going to dive a little bit deeper into this particular dependent clause, the adjective clause.
在这节课上，我们要稍微深入地讲讲这种从属分句——形容词从句。
Now, some of you will have grammar...different grammar books, and some of you will see this called the relative clause.
你们有些人有不同的语法书，有些人会看到这个被称为关系从句。
Relative clause, adjective clause, same thing.
关系从句、形容词从句，这些都是一样的。

Different books like to call them different things. Okay?So we're going to look at this.
不同的书喜欢用不同的名字。我们要来讲一讲这个。
Now, the first thing to remember about an adjective clause before we look at the actual structure of it, the full clause is essentially an adjective.
在讲真正的结构之前，关于形容词从句要记住的第一点是，整个从句本质上是一个形容词。
Although it's a clause, means it has a subject, and a verb, and maybe some modifiers, the whole piece, the whole clause together works like an adjective.
虽然它是个从句，也就是有主语和动词，可能还有一些修饰语，但这整个从句是作形容词的。
So, because it works like an adjective, what does that mean?
因为它是作形容词的，那是什么意思呢？
It means that it's giving you some information about a noun somewhere in the sentence.
意思是它在给你一些关于句子中某个名词的信息。
You could have many nouns in a sentence, you could have many adjective clauses in a sentence.
在一个句子中可以有很多名词，在一个句子中可以有很多形容词从句。
There's no limit to how many you can have, although try not to have too many in one sentence because the sentence becomes very bulky, not a very good sentence.
没有数量上的限制，不过一个句子里尽量不要有太多，因为句子会变得非常笨重，不是个很好的句子。
So let's get right into it.First of all, we have two types of adjective clause.
我们马上来讲吧。首先，我们有两种类型的形容词从句。
We have a defining adjective clause, which means that it's basically pointing to the noun and tell you something necessary about the noun.
我们有限定性形容词从句，也就是它基本上指明了名词，告诉你关于那个名词的必要信息。
Without the adjective clause, the noun is incomplete.I don't know what it is, I don't know what it's doing, etc.
没有形容词从句，这个名词就是不完整的。我不知道它是什么，不知道它是干什么的等等。
The second adjective clause is the modifying, means it is not necessary but we put it in to give a little bit of extra information about the noun. Okay?
第二种是修饰性形容词从句，也就是说它不是必要的，但我们把它加进去补充名词的信息。
So it's like an adjective that just gives you a little bit more description about the noun.
所以就像是个进一步描述名词的形容词。
Two things to remember, the defining...now, one of the biggest questions about adjective clauses is: do I use a comma or do I not use a comma?
有两点内容要记住，限定性......关于形容词从句最大的问题之一就是：要不要加上逗号？
For defining adjective clauses, no comma.
限定性形容词从句不加逗号。
For modifying, like the extra information, the ones that you could actually take out and the sentence is still okay, use a comma.
修饰性的，就是额外的信息，把它拿掉句子也没问题的那种，要加逗号。
We're going to look at examples and understand this more.
我们会看一些例句，更多地了解一下。
Now, another thing to know about adjective clauses: they all begin with a relative pronoun.
关于形容词从句要知道的另一点内容是：它们都以关系代词开头。
Okay? A relative pronoun.This is basically the conjunction of the clause.It is what begins the clause.
懂了吗？关系代词。这基本上是从句的连接词。它是启动从句的词。
Now, some of these can be also the subject of the clause, which means it will agree with the verb; some of them cannot.
这些里面有一些还可以作为从句的主语，也就是说它与动词是一致的，有一些不能。
So these three...whoa, sorry, "that", "which", and "who" can be both the conjunction and the subject.
所以这三个......啊，不好意思，"that"，"which" 和 "who" 既可以当连接词，又可以作主语。
These ones: "whom", "whose", "when", "where", and "why" cannot be the subject of the clause; only the relative pronoun, only the conjunction of the clause.
"whom" 、 "whose" 、"when" 和 "why，这些不能作从句的主语，只能当关系代词，只能作为从句的连接词。
Now, in many cases, "that" can also be removed, but we're going to look at that separately.
在很多情况下也可以把 "that" 去掉，不过我们会单独讲这个的。
So, let's look at some examples to get an idea."The man lives next door."So here we have an independent clause.
那么，我们来看一些例句，大致了解一下。“那个人住在隔壁。”这是一个独立句。
Independent clause means it's a complete idea, it stands by itself as a sentence, it doesn't really need anything else.
独立句的意思是它是一个完整的概念，自己就能作为一个句子存在，不需要其他内容。
But the problem is "the man".Which man?That man, that man, the man across the street?I don't know.
但问题是“那个人”。哪个人？这个人，那个人还是街对面的那个人？我不知道。
So this sentence, although it's grammatically complete, is technically, in terms of meaning, incomplete because I don't know who this man is.
所以虽然这个句子在语法上是完整的，但严格来说，它在意思上是不完整的，因为我不知道这个人是谁。
I need to identify him.So you can think of defining or identifying.
我需要指明他的身份。所以你可以考虑对他进行限定，或者表明他的身份。
Okay? I want to point specifically to one man because I have "the man".I'm looking at somebody specific.
我要具体指向一个人，因为我这里写的是“那个人”。我是在特指某个人。
So here's one way we can do it: "The man who lives next door, who lives next door is a doctor". Okay?
下面是一种做法：“住在隔壁的那个男人是位医生。”
So, again, I still have my independent clause: "The man is a doctor", but now I have my adjective, my identifying adjective clause telling me who the man is.
我还是保留了独立分句：“那个男人是个医生”，但是现在我加了形容词，加上了我的限定性形容词从句来告诉我这个男人是谁。
Now, because I need this, I need this clause to identify, to define this man amongst all the possible men, then there's no comma here if you'll notice.
因为我需要这个从句来表明他的身份，来限定这个人，使他从所有可能的人选中脱颖而出，所以不加逗号，如果你注意到了的话。
And "who" is also the subject of the clause.Subject: "who", "lives" verb.
"who" 同时也是从句的主语。主语是 "who"，动词是 "lives"。
Now, before I continue: what's the difference between "who" and "whom"?
继续往下讲之前我想问一下，"who" 和 "whom" 之间有什么区别？
"Who" can be a subject, "whom" can only be an object.So you can never use "whom" with a verb.
"who" 可以作主语，而 "whom" 只能当宾语。所以 "whom" 后面永远不能直接加动词。
If you see "whom" beginning an adjective clause, there must be a separate subject in that clause, otherwise you're using it incorrectly. Okay?
如果你看到一个形容词从句是以 "whom" 开头的，那该从句中必须要有一个另外的主语，否则你就用错了，知道了吗？
Same with these: "whose", "when", "where", and "why" all must have a separate subject to go with the verb in the clause.
下面这些也是一样，"whose" 、"when" 、"where" 和 "why" 在从句中都必须有个单独的主语搭配动词。
So now, I've identified the man, now I have a complete sentence with complete meaning.I can go on to my next sentence.
现在我已经认出那个人了，现在我有一个意思完整的完整句子。我可以继续讲下一个句子了。
Let's look at this example: "Dr. Smith, who lives next door, is a retired surgeon."
我们来看一下这个例句：“住在隔壁的 Smith 医生是一位退休了的外科医生。”
Now, here you'll notice...well, let me go back to my red pen, here.Here you'll notice I have a comma and a comma.
你在这里会注意到......我把红笔换回来。你在这里会注意到我加了两个逗号。
What does this mean?It means that "who lives next door" is just extra information.
这是什么意思呢？意思是“住在隔壁的”只是额外的信息。
I can take it out."Dr. Smith is a retired surgeon."Here's my independent clause.Complete, doesn't need any more information.
我可以把它拿掉。“ Smith 医生是一位退休了的外科医生。”这是我的独立分句。完整的句子，不需要再加任何信息。
This is a choice, I want to give you a little bit information, tell you where he lives.
这是可选的，我想给你一些信息，告诉你他住在哪里。
Now, you're thinking: "Well, why don't I need to identify him?"
你现在会想：“为什么我不用表明他的身份呢？”
Because this is a proper name.Dr. Smith, I've already identified him by saying who.
因为这是个专有名称。Smith 医生，我通过说出他的名字已经表明了他的身份。
Dr. Smith, that's the person, that's his name, that's his honorific.
他是 Smith 医生，就是那个人，那是他的名字，那是他的尊称。
He's a doctor, Smith.There's not that many Dr. Smiths around here anyway, so we already know who he is.
他是位医生，他姓 Smith。这附近 Smith 医生不多，所以我们已经知道他是谁了。
I don't need to identify him, so this is extra information. Okay?
我不需要表明他的身份，所以这是额外的信息，知道了吗？
Now, you can use all of these with a comma or without a comma.
所有这些既可以加逗号，也可以不加逗号。
You can use all the conjunctions, all the relative pronouns I should say, more correctly, you can use all of them in both identifying and non-identifying.
你可以使用所有这些连接词，更正确地说应该是所有的关系代词，你可以用它们来表明身份和不表明身份。
We're just modifying uses.By the way, "modifying", just in case, means to change.
我们只是在修改用法。顺便说一下，"modifying" 是改变的意思，以防你不知道。
So when you modify something, basically you're changing the meaning of it because you're giving more information, you're giving a more complete meaning so you're slightly changing it.
所以当你修饰某事时，你基本上是在改变它的意思，因为你在给出更多信息，你在给出一个更完整的意思，所以你在对它做出轻微的改变。
So, for example, if I say: "The car", well, it could be any car, but if I say: "The red car",
举个例子，如果我说“那辆车”，那它可以是任何一辆车，但是如果我说“那辆红色的车”，
then I'm specifically pointing to one and I've changed the meaning of the word "car" because I've made it only one specific car, so I've modified the noun. Okay?
那我就是在特指一辆车，我已经改变了 "car" 这个单词的意思，因为我把它变成特指一辆车了，所以我改变了那个名词。
Okay? We're going to look at some more examples and you'll see...but before that, actually, "that" and "which" we use when we're talking out...when the noun is a thing. Okay?
我们要再来看一些例句，你会看到......但是实际上，在那之前我还要讲一下，当名词是一个事物时我们用 "that" 和 "which"。
You could use "that" for people, but why?You have "who" or "whom".
名词是人时你也可以用 "that"，但是何必呢？你有 "who" 和 "whom" 啊。
If you have "who", use "who"; if you have "that", use "that" for things.
如果可以用 "who" 就用 "who"，如果有 "that"，表示事物时就用 "that"。
That way you don't confuse yourself, less chance to make a mistake.
这样你自己就不会弄混，出错的机会更小些。
One of the problems with this word: "whose", everybody...or not everybody, but many people...I shouldn't say that, sorry.
"whose" 这个单词会出现一个问题，每个人......或者不是每个人，而是很多人......对不起，我不应该那么说。
"Who", this word has nothing to do with "who", has nothing to do with person only.
这个单词和 "who" 没有任何关系，和只代表人没有任何关系。
"Whose" means possession.Okay? It doesn't have to be about a person.A thing can possess something.
"whose" 表示的是从属。知道了吗？它不一定要和人有关。一个事物也能拥有什么东西。
The car whose front door...left door is scratched is going to be repaired next week.
左门刮花了的那辆车下周要去维修。
"Whose" means the door belongs to the car.The car is a thing, but I can still use "whose".So don't confuse "whose" with people.
"whose" 表示那个门属于那辆车。车是一个物品，但我还是可以用 "whose"。所以不要误以为 "whose" 只能用于人。
It's just possession."When", time; "where", place; "why".
它只是表示从属。"when" 表示的是时间，"where" 表示的是地点，还有 "why"。
I put this one in brackets because really you can only say: "The reason why he did that."
我给这一个加上括号是因为你只能说“他那么做的原因是因为。”
I...I'm a grammar purist, I'm sorry to say, and some of you might laugh at me, but I hate when I see: "The reason why."
我是个语法纯粹主义者，这么说怪不好意思的，你们可能有人会笑我，但是我很讨厌看到 "The reason why"。
It's not wrong, it's commonly used, it's accepted, but reason is a thing.So I say: "The reason that he", etc.
这不是错误的，很常用，得到了认可，但是原因是一个事物。所以我会用 "The reason that"。
There's no need to use "why", the reason means why, use that.
没有必要用 "why"，"reason" 就是为什么的意思，用那个。
But if you use "why", you're okay, that's why I've put it in brackets.I don't like it, but it's acceptable.
但是用 "why" 也可以，所以我给它加了括号。我虽然不喜欢这种用法，但这是可以接受的。
Use at your own discretion.Okay, let's look at some more examples.
你随意。好了，我们再来看一些例句。
Okay, let's look at a few more samples, and we'll get into a little bit more detail about what's going on.
我们再来看几个范例，稍微更详细地看看是怎么用的。
"Jerry went to the same store where Jennifer bought her couch."
“ Jerry 去的商店和 Jennifer 买沙发的是同一家。”
So now, Jerry went shopping for a couch, and he went to a particular place.
Jerry 去买了沙发，他去的是一个特定的地方。
So he went to the same store where...so now I'm pointing to a place, the store.
他去了同一家商店，那里......现在我要指明一个地方，那家店。
I could say: "The same store that Jennifer bought her couch at", but not a very good sentence.
我可以说“ Jennifer 在那儿买了她的沙发的同一家店”，但这个句子不是很好。
If it's a place, I can point to it as a place, just use "where".
如果那是个地方，我可以把它作为一个地方，那就直接用 "where" 就好了。
I'm going to show you after, I'm going to show you a different way to say it using "at which", or whatever, a preposition plus "which".
我稍后会跟你讲一个不同的方法，用 "at which" 或介词加 "which" 的形式进行表达。
We're going to get to that.So, another thing you'll notice, there's no comma here.
我们稍后讲那个内容。你会注意到的另一件事是，这里没有加逗号。
I'm identifying the store.The same store as what?The same store as she went, the same store as she went? No.
我在指明那家店。和什么是同一家店？和这个女的去的是同一家店，和那个女的去的是同一家店？不是。
The same store where Jennifer bought her couch.So I have to identify which store.
和 Jennifer 买沙发的是同一家店。所以我一定要指明是哪一家店。
Another thing to keep in mind: the adjective clause must almost always come right after the noun that it is modifying. Okay?
还有一点要牢记：形容词从句几乎一直紧跟在它修饰的名词后面。
Sometimes there are exceptions, I will show you those in a minute as well.
有时候会有例外，我一会儿也会告诉你。
So, no comma means identifying."Frank went to study in Boston."
所以，不加逗号就表示这是限定性从句。“ Frank 去了波士顿读书。”
Now, Boston, first of all you'll notice a capital B, so it's a proper name.
关于波士顿，首先你会注意到它的 "B" 是大写的，所以这是一个专有名称。
Everybody knows this city, Boston, I don't need to identify it.
大家都知道波士顿这个城市，我不需要指明它。
So anything that comes in the adjective clause after will follow the comma because it's modifying, it's extra information.
所以后面的形容词从句前要加上逗号，因为它是起修饰作用的，它是额外的信息。
"...where" means Boston, the place, the city.
"where" 指代的是波士顿，那个地方，那座城市。
"...where some of the world's best universities are based."Simple enough.
“......那里是一些世界上最好的大学的所在地。”很简单。
But again, right after the noun it's modifying.
但是再说一遍，紧跟在名词后面的从句是修饰性的。
Now, generally speaking, when you have an identifying or defining clause with no comma, you're going to use "that".
一般来说，当从句是不加逗号的限定性从句时，关系代词要用 "that"。
When you have a modifying clause with commas, you're going to use "which" when we're talking about things.
在加逗号的修饰性从句中谈论事物时要用关系代词 "which"。
But there are occasions where you can use "that" or "which".
但是在有些情况下可以 "that" 或 "which" 二选一。
In many grammar books you will see "which" or "that", you can use them both.
你在很多语法书上会看到既可以使用 "which" 也可以使用 "that"。
I prefer that you use "that" with identifying, "which" with non-identifying, but there are occasions where I would use "which" instead.
我更希望你在限定性从句中用 "that"，非限定性从句中用 "which"，但是在有些情况下，我会用 "which" 代替。
"The only effort that matters is that which leads to a win."Okay? Now, what is this?
“唯一重要的努力是会带来胜利的努力。”这是什么？
Keep in mind that the word "that" is one of the most confusing words in English because it has many functions.
要记住，在英语中最令人困惑的单词之一便是 "that"，因为它有很多功能。
In this case, this is a pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun.
在这里，它是一个代词，一个指示代词。
"That" means "that effort".Okay? So, here, it's a noun basically, it's a pronoun.
"that" 指代的是 "that effort"。所以在这里，它基本上就是个名词，是个代词。
So I am modifying this noun with this adjective clause.
我在用这个形容词从句修饰这个名词。
So I could say: "The only effort that matters is that that leads to a win."
所以我可以把 "which" 换成 "that"，“唯一重要的努力是会带来胜利的努力。”
Not wrong, it's totally okay, you can say that, but having "that" and "that" can be a little bit confusing, it can sound a little bit off, which is why I prefer to use "which" in this case.
这没有错，完全可以这么用，你可以这么说，但是连用两个 "that" 会有点让人搞不懂，听起来会有点奇怪，所以我在这种情况下更喜欢用 "which"。
Otherwise, I would go with "that" for the identifying clause. Okay?
不然的话，限定性从句我会用 "that"。
I'm talking about the effort, the specific effort that leads to a win.
我指的是带来胜利的那种努力。
Okay? But, again, I don't want to have: "that that", so I'm going to use "which" in this case.Otherwise, not.
懂了吗？但是再说一遍，我不想连着用两个 "that"，所以在那种情况下我会用 "which"。否则的话我是不会用的。
We're going to look at a few more examples to have a better idea of when to use what.
我们稍后再看几个例句来更好地理解什么时候用哪个关系代词。
Okay, let's look at our next examples, and a few things to mention here specifically about adjective clauses.
好了，我们来看接下来的例句，以及关于形容词从句要专门提到的几点内容。
So first remember I said that the adjective clause must always come right after the noun it's modifying.
首先要记住我说过，形容词从句必须总是紧跟在它修饰的名词后面。
There are exceptions.This is the thing about English, there's exceptions to every rule.
存在例外情况。英语就是这样，每一条规则都有例外。
Let's look at this example: "Many students in Mrs. Reynold's class who went on the field trip are home sick..." oh, sorry, "...are home sick with the flu that's going around".
我们来看这个例句：“ Reynold 女士班上参加了校外旅行考察的很多学生回家后病......”啊，不好意思，“......回家后都病了，得了正在流传的流感。”
Okay? Now, is this adjective clause: "who went on the field trip"...a field trip is basically in school when the kids go out to a museum or to a play or whatever, that's called a field trip.
“参加了校外旅行考察的”这个形容词分句......校外旅行考察一般就是在学校里，孩子们会去校外的博物馆或者看话剧什么，那就叫做校外旅行考察。
Is this modifying "class"?No, of course not."Class" is not a person, I can't use "who".
这个修饰的是 "class" 吗？不，当然不是。"class" 不是人，不能用 "who"。
I'm obviously talking about the students.I'm modifying the students.So it's very far away.
我显然讲的是 "students"。我修饰的是 "students"。所以这里的名词和从句之间隔得很远。
In this case it's probably okay because: A) I have a prepositional phrase.
在这个句子可能没有问题，因为：第一，我有一个介词短语。
Okay? So the prepositional phrase basically completes the idea of students, so "students" is the actual noun.
懂了吗？所以这个介词短语基本上使学生这个概念变得完整了，所以 "students" 才是真正的名词。
Now, another thing is it's very clear that "who" is not talking about "class".
另一个原因是，很明显 "who" 所指的并不是 "class"。
In this case, it's very difficult for a reader to get confused.
在这种情况下，读者很难弄混。
The reader knows that it's about students, and therefore it's okay to do it.Try to avoid it.
读者知道它指的是学生们，因此这么做是可以的。尽量避免这种情况。
If you can write another way, if you can say: "Many students who went on the field trip in Mrs. Reynold's class", this actually is a much more confusing sentence.
如果你可以换个写法，如果你说：“很多学生参加了校外旅行考察，他们是 Reynold 女士班上的”，这个句子实际上更容易让人困惑。
If you try to put the modifier...if you try to put the adjective clause directly after "students", you would make the sentence even more complicated.
如果你把修饰语......如果你把形容词从句直接放在 "students" 后面，你会把这个句子变得甚至更加复杂。
If you can put it like this and it's clear and it's easy to understand, leave it.
如果你能按这样写，句子很清晰易懂，那就让它这样。
If you can't, rearrange the entire sentence to put it a different way, so you can put the adjective clause next to the noun if you think the reader will be confused.
如果不能，那就重新安排整个句子，用另一种方式安排句序，如果你认为读者会看不懂，那就可以把形容词从句放在名词旁边。
"...are home sick"-this is two words-"with the flu that's going around".
“......回家后病了”，这是两个单词，“得了正在流传的流感”。
Now, the reason I added this...this is, again: "...that is going", we have another adjective clause identifying which flu we're talking about.
我加上这个的原因...... "that is going" 是另一个形容词从句，表明我们所指的是哪一种流感。
There's a flu that's going around all the kids.
所有的孩子之间流传着一种流感。
All I wanted to show you here is that you can have a sentence with more than one adjective clause.You can have many adjective clauses.
我想告诉你的是，一个句子里可以有不止一个形容词从句。可以有很多个形容词从句。
As many nouns as there are in a sentence, that's how many adjective clauses you can have.
一个句子里有多少个名词，你就能用多少个形容词从句。
You can even have an adjective clause inside an adjective clause if that first adjective clause has a noun in it.
如果形容词从句中有名词，你甚至可以在这个形容词从句里再用一个形容词从句。
Okay? But again, the more you put in, the more chance there are to confuse your reader.
知道了吗？但还是那句话，你用的从句越多，你的读者感到困惑的可能性也越大。
And again, we're talking more about writing than speaking here.
再说一遍，我们在这里讲的更多是写作，而不是口语。
In speaking you can get away with a lot more.
在口语中，出了错人家不追究的机会更多。
Now, another thing, remember what I said, again, about putting it right behind, right next to the noun you're modifying?
还有一点，记得我说过要让它紧跟在你修饰的那个名词后面，要把它放在那个名词旁边吗？
Except for the case of "which".
这里要除去用 "which" 的情况。
An adjective clause with "which" can modify the entire clause before it.
用 "which" 的形容词从句可以修饰它前面的整个句子。
So this "which" is not about "test".
所以这个 "which" 所指的不是 "test"。
Okay? This "which" is modifying the entire clause.
知道了吗？这个 "which" 修饰的是整个句子。
"Larry failed his test," so "which" talks about this situation,
“ Larry 考试没及格”，这个 "which" 谈论的是这个情况。
"...means he'll have to go to summer school". Okay?
“......这意味着他必须去上暑期班。”
So this "which" is talking about the entire situation, but you can only do it with "which", you can't do it with "that" necessarily.
所以这个 "which" 所指的是这整个情况，但是只有 "which" 能这么用，"that" 不能这么用。
And, again, we're still doing...we're still doing a comma because when you're doing it like this, "which" above the entire clause,
我们还是要加上逗号，因为当你用 "which" 指代整个句子时，
there's always going to be a comma because you're not identifying the noun before it.
总是要加上逗号，因为你不是在解释它前面的名词。
One other thing to look at here: "...which means that he'll have to go to summer school".
“......这就意味着他必须去上暑期班” 这个部分还有一点要讲一下。
Another thing you have to keep in mind is that the pronoun "that" can also begin a noun clause.
要牢记的另一点是，代词 "that" 也可以引导名词性从句。
If you're not sure about noun clauses, I have a video about those, you can check that out and you can learn about noun clauses that act...
如果你对名词性从句的内容不是很确定，我有一个关于那个内容的视频，你可以去看看，然后你会发现名词性从句是作......
in this particular case, the noun clause acts as an object to the verb "means".
在那个句子中，名词性从句是作为动词 "means" 的宾语。
Means what? "...that he'll have to go to summer school".
意味着什么？“......他必须去上暑期班”。
So, again, you have a sentence, you have a clause inside a clause, and the whole clause is about the whole other clause.
这里有个句子，从句之中又有从句，而这整个从句是修饰前面的整个句子的。
Confusing?No, not really.Everything has to make sense.That's the beauty about English, it must make sense.
听懵了？不，其实挺好懂的。所有内容都必须讲得通。英语美就美在这里，它必须讲得通。
If you know how to cut everything into its proper pieces, if you know how to relate every word or every phrase or every clause to everything around it, it all makes sense.
如果你知道怎么把所有内容分割成合适的部分，如果你知道怎么把每个单词或每个短语或每个分句和它们周围的所有内容联系起来，这都是讲得通的。
So be patient, slowly go through every piece, make sure that everything has its place, has its function, has its purpose.Okay. Last one.
所以耐心一点，慢慢地分析每个部分，确保每个内容都有自己的位置，有自己的功能，有自己的目的。好了，最后一句。
One last thing you want to know about adjective clauses: sometimes we can use a preposition with a conjunction, with a relative pronoun.
关于形容词从句你要知道的最后一点是：有时候，我们可以在连接词，也就是关系代词前面加上一个介词。
Most commonly you're going to use "who" or "which" to use these, and the thing to remember about the preposition: they're regular prepositions.
一般这么用的关系代词都是 "who" 或 "which"，关于介词要记住的是：它们都是平常的介词。
They still have the same function as a preposition.
它们作为介词的功能还是一样的。
So, "about" means regarding something, you're talking about something, you're pointing to something.
"about" 的意思是关于某事，表示你在谈论某事，你在指向某事。
So in this case, a billionaire is the person."...about whom", so: "...the public knows little..."
在这个句子中，亿万富翁是人。“公众对他了解甚少......”
Whoa, sorry, I doubled here.Don't do that.
啊，对不起，我写了两遍。不要那么做。
Don't put both the preposition at the beginning and the end, only at the beginning.
不要在句首和句尾都加上介词，只加在句首就可以了。
You could say: "...whom the public knows little about".
你可以把介词放在句尾，说“公众对他了解甚少”。
But some grammar teachers will tell you that's bad English, never put "about" at the end of the clause; always put at the beginning or other places.
但是一些语法老师会告诉你那是不好的英语，他们会说永远不要把 "about" 放在从句末尾，要把它放在开头或其他位置。
"...about whom the public knows little, donated millions to charity".
“......公众对他了解甚少，他捐了数百万做慈善。”
So: "The eccentric billionaire donated to charity"-that's your independent clause- "about whom the public knows..."
所以独立分句是“那位古怪的亿万富翁捐款做慈善”，后面接着说“公众对他了解......”
So "knows" is your verb, "...knows little about the billionaire". Okay?
动词是 "knows"，“......对那位亿万富翁了解甚少”。
"The car in which the actor arrived to the party is a Lamborghini."
“那位演员去参加派对乘坐的车是一辆兰博基尼。”
"The car in which", so the actor arrived in the car, in the Lamborghini, in which, about whom, about which, to which, to whom.
"The car in which..."，这说明那位演员到达时是在那辆车里，在那辆兰博基尼里，可以用 "in which"，"about whom"，"about which"，"to which"，"to whom"。
You can use any combination of preposition with pronoun, but remember that the preposition takes the function of a preposition, nothing else.
可以用任何介词和代词的搭配，但是要记住，介词只是作为介词，没有别的功能。
Okay, so again, there's lots...a lot more examples that we could go through, but they all basically function in the same way.An adjective clause is an adjective.
好了，还有很多我们可以看的例句，但它们的原理基本上都是一样的。形容词从句是个形容词。
In a different lesson we're going to look at the way that adjective clauses can be reduced to one word or one phrase,
在另一节课中，我们会讲一讲把形容词从句压缩至一个单词或一个短语，
but that's a different lesson that you can watch that and learn about that.
但那又是一节课了，你们到时候可以观看那个视频，学习一下有关内容。
And lots of things you can do, remember that there are three dependent clauses: noun clause, adjective clause, adverb clause.
有很多你能做的，记住，一共有三种从句：名词从句、形容词从句、状语从句。
There's a lesson for each one of those.You can watch those, and that's it.
每一种从句都有一节课。你可以看看那些视频，那就这样了。
If you like this lesson, please subscribe to my YouTube channel.
如果你喜欢这节课，请订阅我的 YouTube 频道。
If you have any questions about this lesson, please go to www. engvid. com.
对这节课有任何问题都请登陆 www. engvid. com。
There's a forum there, you can ask your question and I will be happy to answer you.
那里有一个论坛，你可以提出你的问题，我很乐意回答。
There's also a quiz with more sample sentences for you to practice with.
那里还有一个小测验，里面有更多你可以用来练习的例句。
And again, do the quiz, ask me the questions, everybody will get ahead in no time. Okay?
再说一遍，做一做小测验，问我问题，大家很快就会进步的。
Thank you very much.See you next time, bye bye.
非常感谢。下次见，拜拜。