Hi, everyone. I'm Jade, today we're talking about Greek words in English.
大家好，我是 Jade，今天我们要讲的是英语中的希腊词。
And I'm not teaching you these words because they'll be the most useful words for you.
我教你们这些单词不是因为它们对你来说会是最有用的单词。
I'm not teaching you these words so you can go around sounding really clever using long words when you're speaking English.
我教你们这些单词不是为了让你四处显摆，讲英语的时候用这些很长的词以显得自己很聪明。
The reason is to show you a little bit about how the English language has evolved.
我教你们这些单词的原因是为了让你们稍微了解一下英语这门语言是如何发展来的。
And also so that when you do encounter a long word, you can use what I'm teaching you today to break it down,
还有，这样以后你们遇到了很长的单词时，可以用上我今天教你们的方法把单词分解一下，
and maybe you'll recognize parts of this word and that will help you understand.
也许你们能认出这个单词的某些部分，这对你们理解有很大帮助。
So, let's have a look at some Greek words in English.
那么，我们来看一些英语中的希腊单词吧。
So, most of the time, when we find a Greek word in English, it's academic language, it represents a concept or idea.
我们在英语中看到的希腊单词一般都是学术语言，代表的是一种概念或思想。

And there'll be quite a lot of medical language as well.So, looking at medical words for the mind and body.
也会遇到相当多医学用语。我们来看看与精神和身体有关的医学词汇吧。
The Greeks from a long time ago, they were very knowledgeable about medicine and things like that, so we took a lot of words from their language.
希腊人从很久以前就在医药等方面颇有建树，所以我们从他们的语言中借用了很多单词。
We didn't have idea...we didn't have words for these things, because it was not knowledge known here.
我们没有形容这些事物的单词，因为当时我们这儿对这类知识还一无所知。
So the concepts came from Greece, and with that, the language came from Greece.
所以这些概念都来源于希腊，而与之一同传过来的还有语言。
So, when we find a word with "dermo" or "derma" in it, we need to think of this part of the word as a building block.
当我们看到一个单词里有 "dermo" 或 "derma"时，我们要把单词的这个部分当做一块积木考虑。
And you put different building blocks together, and that can help you understand the whole meaning of the word; otherwise known as a root.So, that means skin.
然后把不同的积木拼凑在一起，这样有助于你们理解单词的整体意思，这也被称为词根。那个（dermo 或 derma）的意思是“皮肤”。
And when we get this end part of the world...word, which sounds like "ology", that means study of the subject.
当词尾出现 "ology" 时，它的意思是“对该主题的研究”。
So, skin, study of the skin.You put it together, and that gives you the full meaning.
所以就是皮肤，对皮肤的研究。把它们拼凑在一起，然后就知道了完整的意思。
So, if you have a problem with...with your skin and you need to go to the hospital, you would go to the "dermatology department".
如果你有皮肤问题要去医院，那么你就要去 "dermatology department" （皮肤科）。
And the doctor would be a "dermatologist"; a special doctor who knows about skin problems.
这个科室的医生就是 "dermatologist" （皮肤科医生），指的是对皮肤问题很了解的专门医生。
A different skin problem is "dermatitis", and the "titis" part means inflammation, it means...could be...could be swollen skin, or it could be inside your body.
另一种皮肤问题是 "dermatitis" （皮炎），"titis" 的意思是“炎症”，可能是皮肤肿胀，或者可能是身体内部的问题。
If it's a problem with your bones, you get a disease called "arthritis" that older people get, usually, and it's quite painful and difficult to move their fingers, and things like that.
如果你的骨头出了问题，你可能会得一种叫做 "arthritis" （关节炎）的病，通常得这种病的都是年纪比较大的人，得了这种病非常痛苦，动一动手指都很困难。
So, these are examples of medical words.You can sometimes get a sense of what one part means, and maybe guess the other.
这些都是医学词汇的例子。有时候你可以弄懂单词一部分的意思，然后猜出剩余部分的意思。
Similarly, when we get words with "hemo" or "hema", this is related to blood."Hemoglobin" is a part of what makes up our blood.
相似地，当我们看到包含 "hemo" 或 "hema" 的单词时，这些单词与血液有关。"hemoglobin" （血红蛋白）是我们血液的一个组成部分。
"Hematoma" is the medical word for bruise.You know when you hit yourself and skin goes purple?If it's a...if it's a big bruise, then it's a hematoma.
"hematoma" （血肿）是“淤青”的医学用语。当你们撞到了哪里时皮肤会发紫，这个知道吧？如果淤青范围很大，那么它就是 "hematoma"。
And a "hemorrhage" is a medical problem where...where blood is suddenly, like, leaking out where it's not meant to be inside your body,
"hemorrhage" （出血）是一个医学问题，指的是血突然流到你身体里不应该出血的地方，
and you can be in very big, big, big trouble if you get a hemorrhage.
如果你出现了 "hemorrhage"，那问题就大了。
Sometimes people get a brain hemorrhage, and maybe they die from that.So, "hemo" or "hema" means blood.
有时候会有人出现脑出血，可能会因此死亡。所以 "hemo" 或 "hema" 就是“血”的意思。
What about "psycho" or "psych"?What does this mean?
那么 "psycho" 或 "psych" 呢？这是什么意思？
Well, this is to do with the mind, and I think these words have...these words are interesting because we can see how they're related.
这和精神有关，我觉得这些词很有意思，因为我们可以看到它们之间的联系。
So, we have "psychic", that's the power of being able to read somebody's mind; one mind to another mind.
有一个单词是 "psychic" （能洞察人心的），指的是能够读懂别人内心想法的力量，一个人读懂另一个人的内心。
"Psycho" means, like, crazy.And "psychiatrist" means doctor of the mind.
"psycho" （精神病患者）的意思是“疯了”。而 "psychiatrist" （精神科医生）指的是治疗精神方面疾病的医生。
So, whenever you see a word with this, you know it's to do with the mind basically.
所以每当你们看到像这样的单词，就知道这基本上都与精神有关。
That's a useful one, I think; you can find that in a lot of words.
我觉得这个很有用，在很多单词里都会看到这个部分。
Then, let's have a look at words with "mania", you'll find words with "mania" at the end.
接下来我们来看一看带有 "mania" 的单词，"mania"一般位于单词词尾。
"Mania" means to be mad or addicted to something, so here are two...here are two words.
"mania" 的意思是“对某事非常疯狂或上瘾”，下面有两个相关的单词。
"Cleptomania" means somebody addicted to stealing things; thief.They can't help themselves, but steal things.
"cleptomania" （盗窃癖）指的是“偷窃成瘾的人”，“小偷”。他们就是忍不住要偷东西。
And "nymphomania" means somebody addicted to sex, somebody who can't help themselves from having sex.
而 "nymphomania" （慕男狂，女色情狂）指的是有性瘾的人，忍不住想要进行性行为的人。
But that we've got many, many words with this "mania" on the end.
我们有很多很多单词都是以 "mania" 结尾的。
So if you see that, you can...you ca get a sense, again, of what it actually means.
所以如果你们看到了那类单词就能大致知道它是什么意思。
And we've got words here, "anthrop" and that means human, related to human things.
我们还有用 "anthrop" 组成的单词，意思是“人类”，“与人类有关的”。
"Anthropology", do you remember what this part means?The study of, the study of humans.
"anthropology" （人类学），还记得这个部分是什么意思吗？“对......的研究”，所以这就是对人类的研究。
So, an "anthropologist" is somebody who studies the way people live in society and culture in the world.
所以，"anthropologist" （人类学家）就是研究人们在社会中的生活方式和世界文化的人。
And "anthropomorphic", you might use this if you're a kind of literature student or something.
还有 "anthropomorphic" （拟人的），如果你是学文学的学生可能会用到这个单词。
This is a word for when we make things that aren't humans...we talk about things that aren't humans as if they were.
这个单词指的是我们把非人类的事物当做人来讲。
So, when you put a little puppy dog in human clothes, and you start talking to it like it's a person, you're "anthropomorphising" the little dog.
所以当你给一只小狗穿上人类的衣服并开始把它当成人一样与它交谈时，你就是在 "anthropomorphising" （拟人）这只小狗。
But it's an "anthropomorphic behavior" to dress up a little puppy dog like that.
而给小狗那样打扮是一种 "anthropomorphic behavior" （拟人化的行为）。
Very long, complicated words, I know.But we can break it down a little bit more.
我知道，这些单词非常长，非常复杂。但是我们可以再稍微把它分解一下。
When you see "ic" on the end, it means it's an adjective and we're describing something.
当你们看到词尾有 "ic" 时就表示这个单词是一个形容词，我们是在描述某个东西。
So, when we come back we'll look at the next Greek roots...Greek words I want to show you.
我们回来后再讲我想教你们的其他希腊词根。
Let's take a look at more Greek words in English.We'll start with words with "phone" or "phoney" in them.
我们再来看一些英语中的希腊单词。我们从包含 "phone" 或 "phoney" 的单词开始讲吧。
Of course, we've got the "phone" that we use, and this root means "sound"."Phone" is the informal word for "telephone".
当然了，有我们用的 "phone" （电话），这个词根是“声音”的意思。"phone" 是 "telephone" 的非正式形式。
And this word: "cacophony", I remember...I'll never forget this word because when I was at school, we wrote...you know, you write stories.
"cacophony" （刺耳的声音）这个单词我记得......我永远也不会忘记这个单词，因为我上学的时候，我们会写作文。
I think I was quite young when this happened, and somebody else's story was read out, and she used the word "cacophony" in it, and I was so jealous.
我记得我那会儿年纪还很小，有个人的作文被朗读了出来，她在作文里用了 "cacophony" 这个单词，我特别嫉妒。
I was like: "That's a really long word and you sound really clever", so I think I tried to, like, use it in every single story I write after then.
我当时觉得：“那个单词好长啊，用上它听起来很聪明的样子”，于是我记得好像那之后我写的每篇作文里都用了那个单词。
But it means, like, having very loud, different sounds that go together, and it's like...it's an unpleasant sort of noise, basically.So, anyway, I won't forget that word.
它指的是各种很吵的声音混杂在一起，是一种令人很不愉快的噪音。反正我不会忘记那个单词的。
Also, I remember that learning this part of the word means string when I was at school as well, because "poly"
我记得在学校还学过这个单词的这个部分，它的意思是排成一列，
we see this in lots of words, like: "polyester" is a kind of plastic.
我们在很多单词中都会看到 "poly"这个词根，比如 "polyester" （聚酯纤维），这是一种塑料。
Or when you...when you go to the shop and they give you a plastic bag, that one's "polythene", a polythene bag.
去店里买东西的时候他们会给你一个塑料袋，那个是 "polythene" （聚乙烯），聚乙烯袋子。
And I remember being at school and my science teacher telling me that "poly" means string, because if you think about how plastic is made.
我记得上学的时候我的科学老师告诉我 "poly" 是“排成一列”的意思，你们可以想一想塑料是怎么做的。
It's different atoms stringing together, you know what? I'm getting a bit science...we're talking about the English language, here.
它就是不同的原子排列在一起，哎呀，我怎么讲起科学来了...... 我们现在在这儿讲的是英语语言。
Anyway, so it's...yeah, "string" meaning different things together, basically, so that's what all plastics are.
不管怎样，它就是...... 嗯，"string" 一般就是指不同的事物在一起，所以所有的塑料都是这样的。
Here's a word: "polyamorous", so we've got more than one.
来看下面这个单词："polyamorous" （多元之爱的），这里的词根不止一个。
And this root, "amor" is related to love, and what this word means is relationships where they're, like, open relationships,
"amor" 这个词根和爱有关，这个单词的意思是“开放式关系”，
and the people can have more than one partner, polyamorous love; different lovers.
这两个人可以有不止一个伴侣，多元之爱，有不同的情人。
Looking on this side for more technological words, we've got "tele", we already looked...already mentioned "telephone", but the "tele" part means distant or far away.
我们来看看这边更偏向于技术性的单词，讲一下 "tele" 这个词根，我们已经提过 "telephone" （电话），但是 "tele" 这个部分的意思是“遥远的”。
So, we have "telephone", you know, communicating with someone who's not physically near you, someone who's far away.
所以 "telephone" 指的就是和本人不在你附近，离你很遥远的人交流。
"Telepathy" is also communicating with someone who is not with you.
"telepathy" （心灵感应）也是和不在你身边的人交流的意思。
Actually, no, they can be with you, but it's just through the mind communication.
不，其实他们可以在你身边，只不过你们是通过心灵进行交流。
And "teleport" which, as far as I know, hasn't been invented yet, but it would be really cool.
"teleport" （远距传输，瞬移），据我所知这个还没有发明出来，但是发明出来了会非常酷炫。
It's when you can travel to one place, just like that basically, to be in a different place.
它的意思就是你可以去一个地方，基本上就像那样，去另一个地方。
You don't need planes, you don't need buses, you don't need Oyster cards.You can just go, using a teleport.
不需要坐飞机，不需要坐公交，也不需要公交卡。可以用 "teleport" 直接去。
But we haven't managed to invent that one yet.And "micro", this root means small.
但是我们还没有成功把它发明出来。"micro" 这个词根的意思是“小的”。
So, we've got "microchip", you find these in laptops, any kind of electronic devices where all the...all the information...this is, again, like a science lesson.
用它组成的单词有 "microchip" （芯片），笔记本电脑以及所有类型的电子装置上都有这些东西，所有的信息都......这又像在上科学课一样了。
I'm not going to explain what a microchip is, except that it makes electronic things work, I think is a good way to explain it.
我不解释 "microchip" 是什么了，我只告诉你们是它让电子产品工作的，我觉得这么解释很好。
And "microcosm" means something small within something bigger.
"microcosm" （缩影）指的是较大的事物中的小事物。
So, one way people talk about it, mostly I find is when talking about the weather.
我发现人们主要在谈论天气的时候会用到它。
So like in the UK, we don't have many places with good weather, but some places are described as being microcosms,
比如说在英国，我们没有几个地方天气是好的，不过有些地方被描述为 "microcosms"，
like some particular beaches are more...seem to be sunnier than general...general places in England, not as much rain, and things like that.
比如一些海滩比英国一般的地方更晴朗一些，不会下那么多雨之类的。
So those places would be described as microcosms of the bigger...you know, the surrounding climate, which is generally rainy.
所以那些地方会被描述为周围大范围地区的气候的 "microcosms"，大范围的气候一般都是多雨的。
We can also thank the Greeks for analytical words.
我们还要感谢希腊人为我们提供了分析性词汇。
Like, they were, they were measuring things, probably weren't...we weren't measuring things then, I don't know.
比如测量物体时用到的词，可能我们那时候不测量东西，我也不清楚。
But yeah, so, from the metric system, we have the word "kilo" and related words, this means a thousand of something.
在公制单位中，我们有 "kilo" 以及相关的词汇，这个词根的意思是“千”。
So, "kilometer" is 1,000 meters, and "kilogram" is 1,000 grams.So, this one is for distance, and this one is for measurement.
所以，"kilometer" （千米）是一千米，而 "kilogram" （千克）是一千克。所以这一个表示的是远距离，这个是用于测量的。
Then you've probably seen "geo" in some words, and that root means the earth and things related to the planet where we live.
你们可能在一些单词里看到过 "geo"，那个词根的意思是“地球”以及和我们生活的这个星球有关的事物。
So, we've got "geography", which is another school science.It's about learning about our world, and how it's made up.
有 "geography" （地理），这又是一个在学校学习的科目。这个学科学习的是我们的世界，以及它是如何形成的。
And "geology", which is the study of rocks, stones, that kind of thing.So, yeah, here are some Greek words for you.
还有 "geology" （地质学），指的是对岩石、石头之类的东西的研究。以上就是我为你们准备的一些希腊词。
Now just paying attention to roots can really help you develop your vocabulary, you just start to guess things,
注意词根就能大大帮助你们扩展自己的词汇量，你可以开始猜单词的意思，
you don't have to check the meaning of every word that you encounter.
不用遇到每个单词都去查一遍它的意思。
You can go to the EngVid website, do a quiz on this lesson, test out your vocabulary brainpower.And if you like this lesson, please subscribe.
你们可以登陆 EngVid 网站，做一个这节课的小测验，检测一下你们的单词量。如果喜欢这节课，就请订阅一下吧。
I've got all different kinds of lessons on my EngVid channel, not just about really long words that you might not ever use when you're speaking.
我的 EngVid 频道有很多不同类型的课程，不只是关于你们讲话时可能永远也不会用到的很长的单词。
I've also got my personal channel, and there's lots and lots of videos on my personal channel, so you need to go and check that out, too.
我还有个人频道，在我的个人频道上有很多很多视频，所以你们不妨也去看看。
And yeah, I'm finished, so I'm going to go and swallow a dictionary now, and learn some really complicated words.So, see ya later. Bye.
没错，我讲完了，现在我要去啃字典了，去学一些非常复杂的单词。那么，下次见啦。再见。