Hi, guys. I'm Alex. Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this lesson on IELTS and TOEFL academic vocabulary, with a focus on nouns.
大家好，我是Alex。感谢点击，欢迎来到这节雅思托福常用名词课程。
So, today, we will look at 10 academic nouns that you may see or hear on the IELTS or TOEFL tests,
今天我们来学习10个你在雅思托福考试中会看到或者听到的学术名次，
and this could be either in the reading, writing, listening, or speaking sections.
这些单词可能会出现在阅读、写作、听力或者口语环节。
Now, today, you may see some words that you are familiar with, and you may see some words that are totally new to you.
这次的课上，你可能会看到你熟悉的一些单词，也可能看到对你来说全新的单词。
If you're familiar with the words, that's excellent - but don't get overconfident because the purpose of today is not only to learn new words,
如果你熟悉这些单词，那很棒——但是不要太过于自信，因为今天课程的目的并不仅仅是学习新单词，
but to look at words that you may be familiar with, but perhaps, you know, you're not sure how to use it appropriately in a sentence,
而是要看看那些你熟悉但是却不知道怎么在句子里合适应用的单词，

and more specifically, in an academic sentence.
更确切的说，是在学术型句子里怎么应用。
And when you're done here today with this video, don't forget to check out a more extensive list of academic vocabulary on the www. engvid. com resources page.
今天学完这个视频里的单词之后，别忘了去www.engvid.com的资源页看看关于学术词汇的扩展列表。
Okay, so let's begin.First word that we're going to look at today is: "aspect".Now, an "aspect" is a part or element of something.
好的，让我们开始吧。我们要看的第一个单词是“aspect”。一个“aspect”是某件事情的一部分，或者一个要素。
So, for example, the sentence we have on the board is: "Vocabulary is just one aspect of language."
比如说，我们在黑板上的这句话：“词汇只是语言的一个方面。”
So vocabulary is just one part of language.Second, we have the word: "component".
就是说，词汇只是语言的一部分。第二个单词，“component”。
And, if you notice, it has the exact same definition of "aspect", so it's a part or element of something as well.
如果你注意到了的话，它跟“aspect”有完全相同的意思，也是部分或者要素的意思。
And the sentence we have here is: "A laptop has many complex components."
我们给出的句子是：“一台笔记本电脑有非常多的复杂组成部分。”
Now, you might be asking yourself: "Well, are these words exactly the same?"And the answer to that is: not really.
现在你可能会问自己：“这两个单词意思完全一样的吗？”答案是：并不是。
They are the same, in that you can talk about abstract aspect and abstract components to things,
在讨论事物抽象的方面以及抽象的部分时，他们是相同的，
but when it comes to physical things, you're more likely to use the word "component".
但是说到具体的东西，你还是更应该用“component”。
So, for example: here I'm talking about the components of a laptop, so I'm talking about the board inside,
举个例子，如果我说的是一台笔记本电脑的components，那我说的就是里面的主板，
and the RAM, and the memory, and everything like that; so I'm talking about the physical parts of the laptop.
RAM，内存，还有其他的一些东西；我说的是笔记本电脑具体的部件。
Again, you can use both of them to talk about the abstract parts or elements of something,
再说一次这两个单词都可以用来指抽象的部分或者要素，
but if you're referring to the physical part of something, I would stick with "component".
但是如果你指的是具体的某一部分，我倾向于用“component”。
All right, the next word we have is: "consequence".I'm sure many of you are familiar with this word.It's a result or effect of something.
好的，下一个单词是“consequence”。我确定你们很多人都熟悉这个单词。它指某事的结果或者影响。
So, for example, the sentence we have here is: "Obesity is a consequence of overeating."
举个例子，我们的句子是：“肥胖是过度饮食的结果。”
And, again, "overeating" just means eating too much and "obesity" is the physical problem of being overweight to the point where it's not good for your health.
“Overeating”是说吃的太多，“obesity”是指体重过重的身体问题，对你身体一点儿好处没有。
So, one thing about this word, if you are going to use a preposition after it...The most common preposition we use with "consequence" is: "of".
这个单词要提的一件事情，如果你想要在这个单词后面用介词的话，最常见的“consequence”后接的介词是“of”。
So we say: "This is a consequence of this.", "That is a consequence of this." Okay?
所以我们会说：“这是这件事的结果。”“那是这件事的结果。”明白吗？
The next word we have is: "disposal".The meaning I give for this is: the act of arranging or distributing.
下一个单词是“disposal”。这个单词我给出的解释是：安排或者分配的行为。
So think of "disposal" as the distribution of something and the arrangement of it.
把“disposal”想成某件事的分配以及相应的安排。
So, for example, in the army: "The general is responsible for the disposal of troops."
举个例子，在部队中：“将军负责军队的派遣。”
Now, when I say "troops", I mean soldiers, people who are in the army, for arranging them and where they're going to go.
我在说到“troops”的时候，是指士兵，部队里的人，调遣他们以及安排他们的去处。
And finally, we have the word: "function" which is the working purpose of something.
最后这个单词：“function”，某事运转的目的。
So: "Today's phones have numerous helpful functions."
“当今的电话有许多有用的功能。”
And again, "function" is another word, another noun where if you want to use a preposition after it, use the preposition: "of".
“Function”是另外一个如果相接介词要接of的名词。
So: "What is the function of a cellphone or the function of a camera?" Etcetera, etcetera.
“手机的功能是什么？”或者“相机的功能是什么？”等等。
Okay, guys, let's look at five more words.Okay, so the next word is: "indication".
好，我们再来看五个单词。下一个单词：“indication”。
So, "indication" means a sign or a token of something.
“Indication”是指某件事的迹象或者预兆。
So if we look at the sentence: "The melting of ice caps" - of polar ice caps - "is an indication of global warming."
我们来看句子：“冰盖的融化（极地冰盖），正预示着全球变暖。”
So, if you're making an argument about science, for example, in one of your papers, this might be a sentence that you would write.So, "an indication of".
所以，比如说假设你在论证你论文里的某一个科学观点，你就可以写这样的一个句子了。“某事的预兆”。
Again, you're using the preposition "of" after: "indication". Okay?
再说一次，“indication”后面的介词要用of。
The next word is very common - I'm sure you're familiar with it - and that word is: "option".
下一个单词很常见，我确定你们都很熟悉这个单词，“option”。
So again, an "option" is basically a choice, and usually it's a choice of one of several possibilities. Right?
“option”就是一个选择，通常来说是几种可能性中的一种选择。
So: "This is one of several options." One of several choices.The next word is: "role".
“这是几种选择中的一种。”下一个单词“role”。
So a person's "role" is their position or their customary function of something.
一个人的“role”就是他们的位置或者他们对某事习惯性的功能。
So: "The role of government is to protect its citizens."
“政府的角色就是保护其公民。”
When I mean "the role of government", I'm talking about the customary function; the usual way the government is supposed to work is to protect its citizens. Okay?
“The role of government”，我是说其常规功能，通常来说政府应该做到的是保护它的公民，明白了吗？
The next word is: "trend".So, a "trend" is a style that is currently popular.
下一个单词：“trend”。“Trend”是指当今正流行的样式。
It can also be like the general direction that something is...Something is heading where.
也可以表示某事正在朝某处前进的大致方向。
"Something is heading where", that doesn't make any sense - sorry, guys.
“Something is heading where”，这句话压根儿不通，抱歉，伙计们。
Basically, the general direction something is heading.
基本上就是说某事正在前进的大致方向。
Okay, the sentence is: "A recent trend in marketing is to use social media."So something that is currently popular.
好的，句子是：“市场营销最近的趋势是利用社交媒体。”某事最近很流行。
For example, in this sentence, something that is currently popular in marketing, in advertising is the use of social media; to use social media.
比如，在这个句子里，有某件事情在市场营销方面很流行，在做广告的时候有社交媒体的应用；利用社交媒体。
And finally, we have the word: "substitute".And a "substitute" is a replacement for somebody or something.
最后一个单词，“substitute”。“Substitute”是对于某人或者某事的替代。
Often times, this replacement is temporary, so a substitute teacher, for example.
通常情况下，这种替代都是暂时的，比如一名代课老师。
The sentence we have is: "There is no substitute for hard work."
我们这里的句子是：“努力工作无可取代。”
There is no substitute for studying a lot; there's no replacement for it.
努力学习是没有什么可以替代的。
It's a very common phrase that we have in English, so feel free to use it.
这是一个英文中很常见的短语，多用一下。
Okay, guys, those are 10 words, 10 academic nouns that can help you and will help you on your IELTS or TOEFL tests.
好了，这就是今天的10个单词，10个能帮助你雅思托福考试的名词。
So, if you want to test your understanding of all of the material we have covered today, you can check out the quiz on www. engvid. com.
如果你想检验一下你对于今天讲的内容是不是理解了，你可以到www.engvid.com做个测试。
And don't forget to check out the more extensive list of academic vocabulary in our resources section.
别忘了看看资源页里面更多的学术词汇拓展列表。
That's it for me today. Take care, guys, and I'll talk to you soon.
这就是今天的课程了，下次见。