1. Songbird 学习发音

　　【V1】

　　P1是说人啊，鲸鱼啊啥的学习speaking都是通过听大人说话啥的来学习的，但是songbird不是这么学习的，那么有俩科学家就决定研究一下是怎么学的。就是一个引入吧。

　　P2是说这俩科学家就做实验了，研究一种叫zebra finch的鸟，他们没有把一家子金丝雀给分开，而是在一起研究的(有考题问他们的实验和其他人的有啥不一样)发现有两种学习的策略，一种是recipition策略，就是一直repeat他们的爹唱的旋律来学习，一种是m策略(这儿没太读懂好像是发出和他们的爹不一样的歌声，然后各有各的不同很noisy)

　　P3说了这俩人发现在同一家里，金丝雀学习的策略也不一样，所以其中一个人就想了，有可能是他们都选择了最适合自己的方法(这段有考题问这一段的作用是什么)

　　P4说这个发现啊还是很有意义的，这个和人类的还是有共同之处啥的用的是parallel这个词(后边就描写了哪里是一样的，失忆了。。。。)

　　【考古待确定…】

　　【V1】

　　P1：说除了人，猴子，海豚，鲸鱼什么之类的，它们的语言是有model的，其他动物也发声，但是没model的。两个学者，一个中国人和一个老外N一起做了个研究，研究什么鸟学习发音的情况。

　　P2：说那个中国人的研究发现了。他发现这种鸟有两种向它成年的老爸学习发声的方法，一种是重复学一个音节，叫什么repititional的方法;还有一种是整句整句地学，虽然学得不好，叫什么m打头的一个方法。下面还有两句，讲什么忘了。

　　P3：还是这个中国人的发现。他发现同一窝的三对姊妹鸟学习的方法不一样，有的选repititional，有的选m方法，它们会选定适合自己的方法去学习。

　　P4：讲那个老外N的发现了。N认为这种鸟的学习发音的方法跟婴儿学习语言的方法很像。有些婴儿用重复音节的方法，有些婴儿用学整句的方法。目前没有人知道是什么原因。然后提出进一步研究的发现。

　　【相关文章】

　　Research conducted at Rutgers University has shown that exposure to a changed acoustic 听觉的/声响的 and social environment can rewire 重新接线the way the brain processes sounds. Beginning in the cochlea 耳蜗of the inner ear, nerve cells of the auditory听觉的 system parse 分析/剖析incoming sounds into their different components. Study of the responses of individual brain cells has shown that they respond best to a particular frequency (pitch) of sound, less well to nearby frequencies, and poorly to distant sound frequencies. The range of effective frequencies can be measured as the "tuning width." Cells with similar tuning are found together, producing an orderly map of all the possible frequencies spread out across the auditory part of the brain. In a new study, published August 6 in the online, open-access journal PLoS ONE, these tuning properties were used to study the way experience can change the brain in two species of songbirds. Songbirds provide the best-developed animal system for studying vocal learning because juvenile年幼的 birds learn to sing by hearing and imitating adults, much as human infants do. The songbird brain contains an area similar to the mammalian哺乳动物的 auditory cortex 皮层(the NCM) that is specialized to discriminate区分 and remember the songs of other birds of the same species.

　　In this study, adult zebra finches (which normally live in a single-species colony) were moved to a canary金丝雀 colony, and adult canaries were moved to a zebra finch colony. These birds experienced a novel 新奇的environment because canaries and zebra finches produce learned species-typical vocalizations发声 that differ in their acoustic components. Other birds of each species remained in their home colony and still others were placed in individual isolation.

　　After nine days of altered experience, the tuning width was assessed in the brains of these animals and was found to be significantly different from birds that remained at home. In birds of both species that experienced life in a foreign colony, the tuning became narrower (i.e. more selective). In canaries, which can learn new song elements in adulthood, these effects were also influenced by season, and may reflect the role of vocal imitation in the seasonal breeding behavior of this species. Isolation had the opposite effect: the tuning became wider (i.e. less selective).

　　In other words, when a bird is exposed to a new acoustic and social environment, basic auditory properties in its brain change to become more finely tuned. In human terms, a possible analogy for this experiment is when a person travels to a foreign country where an unfamiliar language is spoken. The individual has to pay close attention and gradually begins to make out the words in the speech stream (and perhaps to recognize a few from the phrase book). This process of "tuning in" to the new sound and social environment may involve increased sensitivity to fine acoustic details and may produce measurable tuning changes such as those observed at the neural level in these songbirds. In contrast, the songbirds' tuning coarsened变粗糙 in the impoverished, 贫乏的monotonous 单调的environment provided by being housed in isolation. The researchers suggest that these songbird results provide a useful experimental model of sensory plasticity 可塑性accessibility可达性, which is worthy of further study. Consistent with observations in other sensory systems, the tuning map in the brain is not rigid, but adjusts dynamically to current experience.