Hi. I'm Jade, what we're talking about today is auxiliary verbs.
大家好，我是 Jade，我们今天要讲的是助动词。
You don't have to be scared of that word "auxiliary", because it's a grammar word.
你们用不着害怕 "auxiliary" （辅助的，助动词）这个词，因为它是一个语法词。
Basically, what they are is they're helper verbs.
这些词基本上就是起辅助作用的动词。
They are not the most important verb in the sentence, but they're important so we know what tense it is.
它们并不是句子里最重要的动词，但它们也很重要，因为我们可以通过这些词了解时态。
So the reason I made this lesson today is I found that people who taught English to themselves get to a point where some confusion comes in.
我今天讲这节课是因为我发现自学英语的朋友会进入一个有些困惑的时期。
Because if you're watching videos about learning English and things like that, sometimes you're going to hear grammar words that you're not sure about.
因为如果你们在观看英语学习类的视频，有时候会听到自己不确定的语法词。

And then, some confusion can happen.
然后可能就会产生一些困惑。
So if someone...if the teacher says, "Find the verb in the sentence", sometimes, what happens is you just find the verb you know, but you don't realize that it's not the important verb there.
所以如果老师说：“找出句子中的动词”，有时候你只找到了你认识的动词，但是你没有意识到那并不是那个句子中的重要动词。
So the whole idea of this lesson is to just teach you a bit of grammar so that you don't get confused in the future when you're watching videos and things like that.
所以这节课的整体目的就是教你们一点语法，这样你们将来看视频什么的时候就不会感到困惑了。
So yeah, they're helper verbs, they're not the most important verb in the sentence.
没错，它们是辅助动词，不是句子中最重要的动词。
There can be more than one of them in a sentence and even still not being the main verb.
一个句子中可以有不止一个助动词，并且它们仍不是主要动词。
It's important because it will help you to recognize the tense, the different tenses of English.
这之所以重要是因为它能帮助你识别时态，识别英语中的不同时态。
Maybe you don't use all the tenses actively, but it's still good to be able to recognize them.
也许并不是所有的时态你都会经常用到，但是能够识别它们还是好的。
And also, the most important thing about auxiliary verbs is that it's not helpful for you to directly translate these words because you'll just get a really confusing, confusing meaning.
还有，关于助动词最重要的一点就是将这些词直译出来对你并没有什么帮助，因为那样你只会获得一个非常令人摸不着头脑的意思。
And sometimes, that's a mistake people make.
人们有时候就会犯这种错误。
So what we're going to do is go through the different auxiliary verbs in English and look at the different ways that we use them.
所以我们要做的就是讲一讲英语中的不同助动词，看看它们的不同用法。
So the first one you might not think of as being a helping verb, but it's a good example of what I mean when you see the verb,
你们可能不认为这第一个词是助动词，但是我说过你看见这个动词后
and then you try to translate it, and it doesn't really give you a good meaning; it doesn't really explain what it means well.
会试着把它翻译出来，但它给不了你一个很好的意思，无法很好地解释它的意思，这个词就是一个很好的例子。
So the best example of that is "be" in the present and past simple."She is my boss."What does "be" mean?What does it...what does "be" mean?
最好的例子就是现在时和一般过去时的 "be"。“她是我的老板。”这里的 "be" 是什么意思？这个 "be" 是什么意思？
I don't know, I was personally confused about that even though I didn't need to learn English.
我不知道，我个人对这个就曾很不理解，虽然我并不需要学英语。
And what it's doing is being a linking verb.In grammar terms, all it's doing is joining subject to object.
这个词的作用就是充当一个系词。从语法上来说，它所做的就是把主语和宾语连接在一起。
It doesn't carry its own meaning, you could say.So in that sense, the verb isn't that important here.
可以说它本身并没有意思。所以从这个意义上来说，这个动词在这里根本没有那么重要。
It's the subject and the object that are important.
重要的是主语和宾语。
Anyway, the next examples, they start to get a little more complicated, but not too bad.
来看下面的例子，这些开始变得更复杂一点了，但也不会太复杂。
Another example of "be", but this time in the continuous sentence...in the continuous tenses.
"be" 的下一个例句，不过这个句子用的是进行时。
"He is sleeping."Let's have a think, what tense is that one?That one is the present continuous.
“他在睡觉。”我们来想一想这个句子用的是什么时态？这个用的是现在进行时。
And this one, "They have been talking."This one is the present perfect continuous.
还有这个：“他们一直在讲话”。这一个用的是现在完成进行时。
And what I mean by "auxiliary verb" in these is that they're not the most important verb in those examples.
我在这些句子里说的“助动词”指的是它们并不是那些例句中最重要的动词。
The most important verb is "sleeping" here.And the most important verb is "talking" here.
这里最重要的动词是 "sleeping"。而这里最重要的动词是 "talking"。
In this example, the present perfect continuous, actually has two auxiliaries because you can have more than one auxiliary verb in a sentence.
在这个现在完成进行时的例句中实际上有两个助动词，因为在一个句子中可以有不止一个助动词。
Next example, "have" in the perfect tenses.We've got two examples here.We've got, "I've got a car" and, "They had gone home."
下一个例子：完成时的 "have"。我们这里有两个例句。我们有“我弄到了一辆车”和“他们已经回家了”。
What tenses are we talking about here?"I've got a car.", that one is the present perfect.
我们在这里讲的是什么时态？“我弄到了一辆车”，这个句子用的是现在完成时。
And what about this one? What's this one?This one is the past perfect.Where's the most important verb?
那么这个呢？这个用的是什么时态？这一个是过去完成时。最重要的动词在哪里？
The most important verb is "get" here.We're using it for possession.
这里最重要的动词是 "get"。我们用它来表示占有。
It means "to own something, to possess something" here.
它在这里的意思是“拥有，占有某物”。
In the second example, the most important verb is "go".
第二个例句中最重要的动词是 "go"。
This is a past participle, it becomes "gone".
这是过去分词形式，变成了 "gone"。
Let's move on to "do", our first example of "do".
我们继续往下来讲 "do"，我们关于 "do" 的第一个例句。
When...when we're making a negative sentence in the present simple or the past simple, in the negative form, we use "do".
我们在一般现在时或一般过去时中作否定句时，会使用 "do" 的否定形式。
Let's look at the examples."I do not like Peter.", I'm sorry, Peter.
我们来看看例句吧。“我不喜欢 Peter。”，对不住了，Peter。
"Do" shows us that we're making a negative sentence.What's the most important verb?
"do" 显示出了我们在作的是一个否定句。这里最重要的动词是什么？
The most important verb is "like".What about the next example?
最重要的动词是 "like"。下一个例句呢？
"We didn't go"Again -- naughty me -- no full stop.The most important verb is "go".
“我们没去”调皮如我还是没有加句号。这里最重要的动词是 "go"。
There's our negative, this time in a contracted form.Next example of "do" is in questions.
我们的否定词在那里，这一次用的是缩写形式。"do" 接下来的例句是问句形式的。
What does "do" mean in a question?"Do" basically means I'm asking a question now.For example, "Do you like London?"
"do" 在问句中是什么意思呢？一般来说，"do" 就是“我现在在问问题”的意思。举个例子，“你喜欢伦敦吗？”
Yes, I do, I like London.And now, we're talking about "will" as an auxiliary verb.
是的，我喜欢伦敦。现在我们要来讲助动词 "will"。
And it can mean two things, it can mean the future tense...future tense: "I will be there later."
它有两个意思，可以表示将来时，比如“我晚点会过去”。
And "will" shows us we're talking about the future.But it's not the most important verb.The most important verb is "be".
"will" 显示我们讲的是将来的事。但它并不是最重要的动词。这里最重要的动词是 "be"。
And our other way...another meaning of "will", you could say, is to express certainty.
"will" 的另一个意思是表示确定性。
So in this other sentence, "You will like this", we're not talking about a future time.We're just trying to express certainty about something.
所以在另一个句子“你会喜欢这个的”中，我们讲的并不是将来。我们只是在表达对某事的确定性。
But it's not our most important verb because it's an auxiliary verb.Our most important verb, again, is "like".
但它并不是我们最重要的动词，因为它是一个助动词。我们最重要的动词还是 "like"。
Now, talking about modal verbs, we use modal verbs when we're talking about necessity or the probability of something.
现在来讲情态动词，我们在表达某事的必要性或可能性时会用情态动词。
And this group of verbs isn't ever the most important verb in the sentence in terms of grammar.
从语法上来说，这类动词从来都不是句子中最重要的动词。
So here's an example, "They might help you."Our most important verb is "help".
来看一个例句：“他们可能会帮你”。我们最重要的动词是 "help"。
We have other modal verbs as well, but, you know, "might", "may", "should", "must" are the modal verbs.
我们还有其他的情态动词，"might"，"may"，"should"，"must" 都是情态动词。
And the last auxiliary verb we're going to talk about is "would".
我们要讲的最后一个助动词是 "would"。
And we use "would" for talking about hypothetical situations, and "hypothetical" means imagined.
我们用 "would" 来谈论假设的情况，"hypothetical" 的意思就是假想的，假设的。
Not true situations, but we're using it to think of something in the future imagined or something in the past imagined.
并不是真实的场景，但是我们用它来表示想象出来的未来的事情，或者想象出来的过去的事情。
But it's not the most important verb for meaning.The most important verb for meaning in this sentence is "do".
但是就句意来说它并不是最重要的动词。在这个句子中，就句意来说最重要的动词是 "do"。
Now, I realize we've been talking a lot about "Oh, this auxiliary verb, does this, does this, does this",
我发现我们讲了很多助动词的用法，
but let's come back and look at how to find the main verb in the sentence because that will be useful for you whenever you need to really find the meaning in the sentence.
我们回过头来讲一讲如何找到句子中的主动词吧，因为无论你们什么时候需要弄明白句子的意思，这对你们都会很有用的。
Let's have a look at my tips for finding the main verb in the sentence because it's sometimes really needed to find the main verb so you can understand the full meaning of the sentence.
我们来看看我准备的找到句子中的主动词的技巧，因为有时候你们非常需要找到主动词，这样你们才能弄懂句子的完整意思。
And just knowing what auxiliaries are, they can help you find the main verb.
弄懂了什么是助动词就能帮助你们找到主动词。
So we'll look at the tips, and that should help you not have really bad grammar confusion, hopefully in the future.
所以我们会讲一讲这些技巧，希望这在将来应该能帮助你们避免很严重的语法上的困惑。
So Tip No. 1: We can find the main verb after "is", "was", or "were" in the present or past continuous.
那么技巧一：在现在或过去进行时中，我们可以在 "is"，"was" 或 "were" 后面找到主动词。
So we've got some examples here."I was eating pizza."That's the past continuous.And, "They were singing".
这里有几个例句。“我当时在吃披萨。”这是过去进行时。还有“他们当时在唱歌”。
That's also the past continuous, and the main verb is coming after "was" and after "were".
这也是过去进行时，而主动词就在 "was" 和 "were" 后面。
Next example, Tip No. 2: after "have" or "has" in the present perfect; or after "had" in the past perfect.
下一个例子，技巧二：在现在完成时中，主动词在 "have" 或 "has" 后面；在过去完成时中，主动词在 "had" 后面。
Let's look at examples, "We have got a dog" or "We've got a dog" in the contracted speech form.
我们来看几个例句，“我们养了一条狗”，或者用口语中的缩约形式，把 "we have" 变成 "we've"。
After "have", because this is the present perfect, our main verb is "get", but we're using it in that way that I mentioned to you before, to mean possession.
因为这是现在完成时，所以在 "have" 后面，我们的主动词是 "get"，不过这个用法和我之前跟你们提过的一样，表示“拥有，占有”。
So all together, this means, "I own a dog" or, "I possess a dog."
所以这个句子的整体意思是“我拥有一条狗”。
In the present perfect, our main verb is here, "have" is not our most important verb.
在现在完成时中，我们的主动词在这里，"have" 并不是我们最重要的动词。
Next example, "I had had fun."That maybe looks wrong or weird to you to see "had" together twice.
下一个例句：“我玩得很开心。”你们看到两个 "had" 用在一起可能会认为这是错误的或者觉得很奇怪。
Sometimes people get confused about it.But it's actually okay to say that.We have "had", and then, our main verb here is "have"."I had had fun.", and that's the past perfect tense.
有时候人们对此会有些不解。但其实这么说是可以的。第一个是助动词 "had"，然后这里是我们的主动词 "have"。“我玩得很开心。”这个例句用的是过去完成时。
Moving on for Tip No. 3: We can find the main verb after "have been" or "has been" or after "had been" in the perfect tense, in the perfect continuous tenses.
继续往下来讲技巧三：在完成时，在完成进行时中，我们可以在 "have been" 或 "has been" 或 "had been" 后面找到主动词。
Let's take a look at some examples."They have been lying."In these examples, we have two auxiliaries; we have two helper verbs.
我们来看几个例句。“他们一直在说谎。”在这些例句中，我们有两个助动词，有两个辅助动词。
"Have" is a helper verb; "been" is a helper verb; and our main verb is "lying".
"have" 是一个辅助动词，"been" 是一个辅助动词，"lying" 是我们的主动词。
It comes from the verb "lie", "to tell a lie."Let's look at the next example, "He had been sleeping."
它的原形是动词 "lie"，是“说谎”的意思。我们来看下一个例句：“他一直在睡觉”。
This one is the past perfect continuous.Again, we've got two helper verbs here, "had", "been" -- helping verbs.
这个句子用的是过去完成进行时。还是一样，我们在这儿有两个辅助动词："had"，"been"，这两个都是辅助性的动词。
Our main verb is "sleeping", that's the most important one to carry meaning.
我们的主动词是 "sleeping"，这才是最重要的动词，它是具有意义的。
Tip No. 4: after the modal verb or after the modal verb followed by other auxiliaries.And I didn't write you an example there.
技巧四：主动词在情态动词后或在后面跟着其他助动词的情态动词后。我没有给你们写例句。
So let me give you one, "I might have told you earlier" or "I might have given you an example."
所以我给你们现想一个，“我本可以早点告诉你的”或者“我本可以给你们一个例句的”。
So after the modal verb "might" comes "have given", "I might have given."
情态动词 "might" 后面跟着 "have given"，就变成了 "I might have given"。
We have one auxiliary verb there, "have"."I might have given you an example on the board."
我们有一个助动词 "have"。“我本可以在白板上给你们写个例句的。”
And our last example, this is probably an easier way if you can remember this one.
来讲我们的最后一个例句，如果你们能记住这一个，可能会更简单。
After "been"...after "been" is the main verb."I have been thinking."So these tips are all useful to find the main verb.
在 "been" 后面的是主动词。“我一直在思考。”这些技巧对找到主动词都很有用。
This is a general grammar lesson to mainly just stop that confusion that happens sometimes when you know little bits of grammar, but it's not all together up there in your head.
这节课是一节比较综合的语法课，主要也就是为了打消你们在知道一点语法，但还没有在头脑中把它们整合起来的情况下不时产生的疑惑。
Knowing and finding the main verb is really useful, a lot.
认识并找到主动词非常有帮助。
It can save you confusion when you're doing exercises and things like that, it's really helpful.
在你们做练习之类的时候，这可以帮助你们避免困惑，非常有帮助。
So we're finished for the lesson, but if you want to do a quiz, you can find the quiz on the EngVid website.You can answer questions about this.
那么我们这节课就讲完了，不过如果你们想做个小测验，可以在 EngVid 网站上找到测验。可以回答与这有关的问题。
And what I'd also like you to do is subscribe to this channel, this is my personal channel here on EngVid, if you like my lessons.
我还想让你们订阅这个频道，这是我在 EngVid 的个人频道，如果你们喜欢我的课程，就请订阅吧。
Because I make all kinds of other lessons about learning English, which I really want you to watch if you like watching me.And...I am finished now!
因为我还做各种关于学习英语的其他课程，如果你们喜欢看我的课程，我非常希望你们去看看那些。我现在就讲完啦！
But I want you to come back, come back soon for more English with me.And until then, bye-bye.
但是我希望你们能很快回来和我一起学习更多英语。到时候见啦，拜拜。