张培基《英汉翻译教程》第21讲:词类的转换(4)
日期:2011-12-23 14:51

(单词翻译:单击)

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增词法:增词法就是在翻译时按意义(或修辞)和句法的需要:增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容:这当然不是随意增加,而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词)严复在汉译的(〈 天演论 〉译例言)中说:至原文词埋本深,难于共喻,则当前后引衬,以显其意。意思是有些原文含义艰深,难以理解,便要在这些句子的前后,酌加引衬,以便使原文的意思明显。他不说解释或说明,而说引衬,是有道理的。引是引伸,衬是帮衬即帮助的意思,所以引衬是说多加几个字进去,以助了解。例如:1. When I came to l was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned. (Mark Twain)当我清醒过来时,发觉自己在水里,虽然浸得半死,却本能地浮着。(吴玉音译)译文增加了动词发觉原文虽无与之相应的动词,但其含义却可以从上下文得到。2. I judge I would saw out and leave that night if pa got drunk enough, and I reckoned he would.(Mark Twain)我猜那天晚上爸要是醉得够厉害的,我就可以锯完那个洞钻出去,我算计着他是会醉得够呛。(张友松等泽)原文would后面的动词drunk根据英语修辞要求省略了,而汉语则重新补出。汉译英时也时常增朴一些词,以符合英语习惯。例如:1.在这样的问题上,越谨慎越好。One can''t be too careful in matters like this. 英译时,增补主语one。2.他把双手放进口袋里,然后耸了耸肩膀。He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 根据英语习惯,增加形容词性物主代词his。3.再试一次,你就会成功。Try again and you will succeed. 增加连词and。(王馥芳 见《中国翻译词典》)

增益 增益(contextua1 amplification)也叫上下文增益,是在译文中明示出原语读者视为当然而译语读者却不知道的意义。增益一般用于以下三种情况:一、为了语法上的需要。例如英语可数名词的复数形式:汉语名词没有数的形式变化。下例是加上一些字来表达原文的复数意义:A conference of developing countries has convened in Washington attempting to identify priorities for improving life among poor areas of the world.一些发展中国家和较富有的工业国家在华盛顿举行了会议,企图确定在改善世界贫穷地区人民生活中应当首先做哪些事情。二、为了表达的清晰和自然。Noontime came and went; Nixon, who rarely had lunch, and Kissinger, who rarely missed it, skipped the meal and went right on talking for almost four hours. 正午到了,又谈到偏午,尼克松是很少吃中饭的,基辛格是很少不吃中饭的,但这回两人都不曾想到这顿饭,接连谈了差不多四个钟头。三、为了沟通不同的文化。汉语中下中农和上中农两词过去一直译成lower-middle- peasants 和upper-middle- peasants, 外国人看了不知所云。如果译文稍加增益,说明上和下是指什么,译成lower-middle-income-peasant 和upper-middle-income-peasant 就好理解了。再如,西安旅游点华清池龙吟榭,译为Long Yin Xie (a pavilion built specially for emperors to recite poetry ) in the Hua Qing Pool. 译文处理得就较好。

(柯文 见《中国翻译词典》)

减词法 减词法是指原文中某些词在译文中不译出来。减词不能减意,其目的是为了更忠实通顺地表达原文的意思。1.顾及词类使用习惯各种语言的词类使用习惯不同,比如英语代词、连词、介词等使用较多,汉语用得较少。因此:英语在译成汉语时,这类词往往省略不译。例如:①Conrad went outside and began to bounce a ball on the road.(R. E. Sherwood Extra !Extra !)(康拉德到外面马路上拍起球来。)连词and 未译出来。②Mrs. Wil1y sat in a chair and folded her hands.(R. Suchow Golden Wedding)(伟利太太手叠着手坐在椅子里。)代词her未译出来,此外,由于关系转移,连词and自然也译不出来。③Our son, Carl, who is six, goes to a good private schoo1, and our daughter, who is four, won't go to school until next year. (J. Cheever The Season of Divorce)(儿子卡尔六岁,在一所很好的私立学校读书;女儿四岁,明年才上学。)(泓湖译)原文中代词our,连词who,and,介词until在译文中都给省略了。译文显得简洁。2.避免累赘原文有些词的意义,译文通过上下文能够表达出来;因此可省去不译。、④Toward evening he saw it again 。But this time there was fear in its face.(J.Kjelgaad The Black Horse)(接近傍晚时,他再度看到马,马的神情恐惧。)原文this time的意思已包含在傍晚时和再度中,故可不译出来。如果定要译出(这一次),只能使译文变得累赘。⑤I must look very funny next to Ralph who is so big.(S.Benson Little Woman )(我站在大个子雷夫的身旁,看来一定很滑稽。)译者将定语从句who is so big 缩减为一个词大个子,使译文显得简练。③I handed him some money to pay for it. He wouldn't take the money.(M. K. Rawlings A Mother in Mannivil1e ) (我给他一点钱付修理费,他不收)。给他的是钱,不收的自然也是钱。the money省去不译,读者不会产生误解。译了,反而显得多余。3.顾及译入语习惯 原文中有些词译出来会违反译文语言的表达习惯,有时甚至会歪曲原意,因此必须省略不译。①He decided he had better go home ,not to the rooming house in New Orleans ,but home to grandpa's house. ( A. W. Bontemps Lonesome Boy ) (他决定最好还是回家, 不是回新奥尔良的公寓,而是回祖父的家。)but house to grandpa's house 若译为祖父住宅的家,显然不符合汉语表达习惯。③He felt sure now he would be able to stay. (L. Hearn The Boy Who Painted Cats )(他确信现在他能够停留下来了。)felt sure 如译成感到确信,就不大符合汉语搭配习惯,略去感到二字,无损原意。(傅仲选:1993 ,第224-228页)

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重点单词
  • automaticallyadv. 自动地,机械地
  • recitevt. 背诵,逐一例举,叙述或回答问题 vi. 背诵,回
  • conferencen. 会议,会谈,讨论会,协商会
  • identifyvt. 识别,认明,鉴定 vi. 认同,感同身受
  • amplificationn. 扩大,扩充 n. 详述,引申,推广 n. 增幅,放