名著阅读

GOTAMA
In the town of Savathi, every child knew the name of the exalted Buddha, and every house was prepared to fill the alms-dish of Gotama's disciples, the silently begging ones. Near the town was Gotama's favourite place to stay, the grove of Jetavana, which the rich merchant Anathapindika, an obedient worshipper of the exalted one, had given him and his people for a gift.
All tales and answers, which the two young ascetics had received in their search for Gotama's abode, had pointed them towards this area. And arriving at Savathi, in the very first house, before the door of which they stopped to beg, food has been offered to them, and they accepted the food, and Siddhartha asked the woman, who handed them the food:
"We would like to know, oh charitable one, where the Buddha dwells, the most venerable one, for we are two Samanas from the forest and have come, to see him, the perfected one, and to hear the teachings from his mouth."
Quoth the woman: "Here, you have truly come to the right place, you Samanas from the forest. You should know, in Jetavana, in the garden of Anathapindika is where the exalted one dwells. There you pilgrims shall spent the night, for there is enough space for the innumerable, who flock here, to hear the teachings from his mouth."
This made Govinda happy, and full of joy he exclaimed: "Well so, thus we have reached our destination, and our path has come to an end! But tell us, oh mother of the pilgrims, do you know him, the Buddha, have you seen him with your own eyes?"
Quoth the woman: "Many times I have seen him, the exalted one. On many days, I have seen him, walking through the alleys in silence, wearing his yellow cloak, presenting his alms-dish in silence at the doors of the houses, leaving with a filled dish."
Delightedly, Govinda listened and wanted to ask and hear much more. But Siddhartha urged him to walk on. They thanked and left and hardly had to ask for directions, for rather many pilgrims and monks as well from Gotama's community were on their way to the Jetavana. And since they reached it at night, there were constant arrivals, shouts, and talk of those who sought shelter and got it. The two Samanas, accustomed to life in the forest, found quickly and without making any noise a place to stay and rested there until the morning.
At sunrise, they saw with astonishment what a large crowd of believers and curious people had spent the night here. On all paths of the marvellous grove, monks walked in yellow robes, under the trees they sat here and there, in deep contemplation--or in a conversation about spiritual matters, the shady gardens looked like a city, full of people, bustling like bees. The majority of the monks went out with their alms-dish, to collect food in town for their lunch, the only meal of the day. The Buddha himself, the enlightened one, was also in the habit of taking this walk to beg in the morning.
Siddhartha saw him, and he instantly recognised him, as if a god had pointed him out to him. He saw him, a simple man in a yellow robe, bearing the alms-dish in his hand, walking silently.
"Look here!" Siddhartha said quietly to Govinda. "This one is the Buddha."
Attentively, Govinda looked at the monk in the yellow robe, who seemed to be in no way different from the hundreds of other monks. And soon, Govinda also realized: This is the one. And they followed him and observed him.
The Buddha went on his way, modestly and deep in his thoughts, his calm face was neither happy nor sad, it seemed to smile quietly and inwardly. With a hidden smile, quiet, calm, somewhat resembling a healthy child, the Buddha walked, wore the robe and placed his feet just as all of his monks did, according to a precise rule. But his face and his walk, his quietly lowered glance, his quietly dangling hand and even every finger of his quietly dangling hand expressed peace, expressed perfection, did not search, did not imitate, breathed softly in an unwhithering calm, in an unwhithering light, an untouchable peace.
Thus Gotama walked towards the town, to collect alms, and the two Samanas recognised him solely by the perfection of his calm, by the quietness of his appearance, in which there was no searching, no desire, no imitation, no effort to be seen, only light and peace.
"Today, we'll hear the teachings from his mouth." said Govinda.
Siddhartha did not answer. He felt little curiosity for the teachings, he did not believe that they would teach him anything new, but he had, just as Govinda had, heard the contents of this Buddha's teachings again and again, though these reports only represented second- or third-hand information. But attentively he looked at Gotama's head, his shoulders, his feet, his quietly dangling hand, and it seemed to him as if every joint of every finger of this hand was of these teachings, spoke of, breathed of, exhaled the fragrant of, glistened of truth. This man, this Buddha was truthful down to the gesture of his last finger. This man was holy. Never before, Siddhartha had venerated a person so much, never before he had loved a person as much as this one.
They both followed the Buddha until they reached the town and then returned in silence, for they themselves intended to abstain from on this day. They saw Gotama returning--what he ate could not even have satisfied a bird's appetite, and they saw him retiring into the shade of the mango-trees.
But in the evening, when the heat cooled down and everyone in the camp started to bustle about and gathered around, they heard the Buddha teaching. They heard his voice, and it was also perfected, was of perfect calmness, was full of peace. Gotama taught the teachings of suffering, of the origin of suffering, of the way to relieve suffering. Calmly and clearly his quiet speech flowed on. Suffering was life, full of suffering was the world, but salvation from suffering had been found: salvation was obtained by him who would walk the path of the Buddha. With a soft, yet firm voice the exalted one spoke, taught the four main doctrines, taught the eightfold path, patiently he went the usual path of the teachings, of the examples, of the repetitions, brightly and quietly his voice hovered over the listeners, like a light, like a starry sky.
When the Buddha--night had already fallen--ended his speech, many a pilgrim stepped forward and asked to accepted into the community, sought refuge in the teachings. And Gotama accepted them by speaking: "You have heard the teachings well, it has come to you well. Thus join us and walk in holiness, to put an end to all suffering."
戈塔马
在萨瓦梯城，每一个孩子都知道活佛戈塔马的名字，家家户户都随时准备接待戈塔马的弟子，那些默默无语的化缘者，给他们的饭碗装满食物。戈塔马最喜欢住的地方离城不远，叫耶塔瓦纳林苑，富商阿纳塔品迪卡是活佛的一个忠实崇拜者，那是他送给活佛及其门徒的礼物。
两年年轻的苦行僧寻找戈塔马的住处，按照别人介绍与回答的指引来到了这个地区。他们到达萨瓦梯之后，在第一家屋门前就停 下来化缘，受一顿款待。他们收下了食物，席特哈尔塔向那个给他们食物的女人:
“谢谢你，你真好心。我们很想知道活佛住在哪儿，因为我们是两个来自森林的沙门，想来见他，听他亲口讲经。”
那女人说:“来自森林的沙门啊，你们到这儿来算是找对了地方。活佛就住在耶塔瓦纳，住在阿纳塔品迪卡的林苑里。你们这两位朝拜者可以去那儿过夜，因为那里有足够的地方接待大批前来听他讲经的人。”
戈文达很高兴，满怀喜悦地叫道:“真好啊，我们到达了目的地，总算是走到头了!可是，朝拜者的大娘啊，请告诉我们，你认识活佛吗?你亲眼见过他吗?”
那女人说:“我见过他好多次。在好多日子里都见到他，目睹他穿着黄僧衣默默地穿街过巷，默默地停在各家各户门前，递上他的碗，又拿着盛满食物的碗离去。”
戈文达听得入迷，还想再打听许多情况，可是，席特哈尔塔却提醒他继续前行。他们道过谢就走了，几乎用不着再问路，因为有不少朝拜者和戈塔马的弟子都在前往耶塔瓦纳的路上。他们晚上到了那儿，见到不断有一批批找住处的人到达，发出叫嚎声和讲话声。这两个过惯了森林生活的沙门很快就不声不响地找到了栖身之处，一觉睡到了第二天早上。
到太阳升起时他们才惊奇地发现，在此地过夜的信徒和好奇者竟是好大一群人!在这座美丽林苑的所有小径上，都有穿着黄僧衣的和尚走来走去。他们东一群西一伙地坐在树下潜心修行，或是进行宗教讨论。那些浓荫覆盖的花园看上去就像是一个城市，挤满了像蜜蜂一样麇集的人们。大多数和尚正拿着化缘碗往外走，去城里募集他们每天只吃一顿的午餐。就连活佛本人也通常是早上出去化缘。
席特哈尔塔看见了活佛，马上就认出了他，就好像有神灵指点似的。他注视着活佛，一个身穿黄僧衣的朴实无华的人，手里端着化缘碗，静静地走了过去。
“快看这边!”席特哈尔塔小声招呼戈文达，“这个人就是活佛。”
戈文达仔细打量这个身穿黄僧衣的和尚，觉得他似乎跟其他千百个和尚毫无区别。但是，戈文达很快也认出来了:此人正是活佛。于是，他们便跟随在他身后，边走边仔细地观察他。
活佛谦逊地走着自己的路，陷于沉思之中，他那平静的面容既不快活也不悲伤，似乎在向他们微笑。活佛面带隐隐的笑容，平静、安详，就像一个健康的孩子，从容步行，穿着僧衣，步子和追随他的所有和尚同样，遵循着严格的规矩。他的面容和步子，他的静垂的目光，他的静垂的双手，以及手上的每一根指头，都显示出安宁，显示出完美。他并不追求什么，也不摹仿什么，而是柔和地呼吸，处于一种不容破坏的安宁之中，一种不会衰败的光线之中，一种不容侵害的和平之中。
戈塔马就这样朝城里走去，去化缘。这两个沙门单从他那安宁的完美、仪态的觉静就认出了他，那仪态没有追求，没有欲望，没有摹仿，没有烦劳，只有光明与和平。
“咱们今天可以听他亲口讲经了。”戈文达说。
席特哈尔塔没答话。他对讲经并不怎么好奇，不相信讲经能教给他新东西。他和戈文达一样，早就多次听说过这位活佛讲经的内容，尽管那都是来自第二手和第三手的报告。他聚精会神地凝视着戈塔马的头、他的肩、他的脚以及他的肃然垂放的手，觉得这只手每根手指的每个关节都有学问，都会说话、呼吸和散发出芳香，都闪耀着趔的光辉。这个人，这位活佛，全身上下直至小手指的姿态都是诚挚的。这个人是圣洁的。席特哈尔塔对他比对任何都尊敬，对他比对任何人都热爱。
两个人跟着活佛走到城边，就默默地返回了，因为他们打算这一天戒食。后来，他们看见戈塔马回来，看见他在弟子们围坐的贺圈中用餐 他吃的东西简直连一只鸟儿都喂不饱 他们看见他又回到了芒果树的浓荫下。
晚上，当炎热已经消退时，林苑里到处都活跃起来，大家聚集到一起听活佛讲经。他们听着活佛的声音，那声音十分完美，显示出完美的平静，充满着和平。戈塔马讲有关烦恼的学问，讲烦恼的起源，讲消除烦恼的途径。他的深沉的演讲平和流畅，清晰明朗。生活就是烦恼，世界充满了烦恼，但是可以找到摆脱烦恼的方法:谁走活佛的路，谁就能得到解脱。
活佛用柔和而又坚定的声音讲述着，讲授了四项主要原理，讲授了八条途径。他耐心地遵循讲道理、举例并重复的惯常方式，他的声音在听众头顶上洪亮而又平静地回响，好似一道光，好似一片星空。活佛结束讲经时已经夜深了，几个朝拜者走上前去，请求加入这个集体，愿意皈依活佛。戈塔马接纳了他们，说道:“你们都认真地听了我讲经，已经有所收获，那就加入进来吧，进入圣洁之中，彻底结束一切烦恼吧。”
背景阅读

本书简介：
古印度贵族青年悉达多英俊聪慧，拥有人们羡慕的一切。为了追求心灵的安宁，他孤身一人展开了求道之旅。他在舍卫城聆听佛陀乔答摩宣讲教义，在繁华的大城中结识了名妓伽摩拉，并成为一名富商。心灵与肉体的享受达到顶峰，却让他对自己厌倦、鄙弃到极点。在与伽摩拉最后一次欢爱之后，他抛弃了自己所有世俗的一切，来到那河边，想结束自己的生命。在那最绝望的一刹那，他突然听到了生命之河永恒的声音……经过几乎一生的追求，悉达多终于体验到万事万物的圆融统一，所有生命的不可摧毁的本性，并最终将自我融入了瞬间的永恒之中。

作者简介：
赫尔曼·黑塞（Hermann Hesse，1877.7.2-1962.8.9）德国作家。1923年46岁入瑞士籍。1946年获诺贝尔文学奖。1962年于瑞士家中去世。爱好音乐与绘画，是一位漂泊、孤独、隐逸的诗人。黑塞的诗有很多充满了浪漫气息，从他的最初诗集《浪漫之歌》的书名，也可以看出他深受德国浪漫主义诗人的影响，以致后来被人称为“德国浪漫派最后的一个骑士”。主要作品有《彼得·卡门青》、《荒原狼》、《东方之行》、《玻璃球游戏》等。

主要生平及创作
出生于德国西南部的小城卡尔夫的一个牧师家庭。自幼在浓重的宗教气氛中长大，1891年，他通过“邦试”，考入毛尔布隆神学校。由于不堪忍受经院教育的摧残，半年后逃离学校。这期间他游历许多城市，从事过多种职业。
　　
在比较广泛地接受东西方文化熏陶之后，1904年，黑塞发表了长篇小说《彼得·卡门青特》，一举成名，从此成为专业作家。这一年他与玛丽结婚，移居巴登湖畔，埋头写作，1906年发表了长篇小说《在轮下》。这一时期的创作以浪漫主义诗歌、田园诗风格的抒情小说和流浪汉小说为主，作品洋溢着对童年和乡土的思念之情，充满对广大自然和人类的爱，同时也表现了青年人的精神苦闷与追求。
　　
第一次世界大战后，黑塞的创作发生了明显的变化，他醉心于尼采哲学，求助于印度佛教和中国的老庄哲学，并对荣格的精神分析产生了深厚的兴趣。他试图从宗教、哲学和心理学方面探索人类精神解放的途径。这时期的长篇小说有《克努尔普》（1916）、《德米安》（1919）、《席特哈尔塔》（1922）、《荒原狼》（1927）和《纳尔齐斯与歌尔德蒙》（1930）等。这些书深受西方读者的喜爱，得到极高的评价，其中《荒原狼》曾轰动欧美，被托马斯·曼誉为德国的《尤利西斯》。
　　
30年代后，法西斯在德国猖獗，黑塞对社会前途陷入深深的怀疑与绝望之中，但他仍不倦地从东西方宗教与哲学中寻求理想世界，《东方之行》（1932）、《玻璃球游戏》（1943）正是这一时期追求与探索的结晶。
　　
黑塞被雨果·巴尔称为德国浪漫派最后一位骑士，这说明他在艺术上深受浪漫主义诗歌的影响。他热爱大自然，厌倦都市文明，作品多采用象征手法，文笔优美细腻；由于受精神分析影响，他的作品着重在精神领域里进行挖掘探索，无畏而诚实地剖析内心，因此他的小说具有心理的深度。1946年，"由于他的富于灵感的作品具有遒劲的气势和洞察力，也为崇高的人道主义理想和高尚风格提供一个范例"，黑塞获诺贝尔文学奖。