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Youtube:叙利亚难民会威胁美国安全吗？
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叙利亚难民会威胁美国安全吗？
Following the recent Paris attacks, an investigation is currently underway to determine if one of the Paris attackers posed as a refugee to gain entrance through Greece. Fearing the same might happen across the Pacific, more than half of all US governors, have called on the Obama administration to stop providing asylum to Syrian refugees. But is this a legitimate concern? What is the vetting process like for refugees seeking asylum in The United States?
最近的巴黎袭击案之后，目前正在进行调查，确定巴黎袭击案一名凶犯是否通过希腊入境的难民。担心同样的悲剧在太平洋彼岸上演，超过一半的美国州长呼吁奥巴马政府停止为叙利亚难民提供收容。但是这种担忧合理吗？难民在美国寻求收容的审批程序是怎样的？
Well, currently the US has stated that it will accept 185,000 refugees total in the next two years. This includes refugees from all over the world, so the effective number of Syrian refugees is much smaller. Since the war broke out, the US has only accepted about 1800 Syrian refugees. Though the Obama administration did state that it intends to
admit an additional 10,000 in 2016. Of those that have already been admitted, half, are children… only 2% are single males of combat age. Now, this is not to say that terrorists only fit a certain demographic profile. But, rather to paint the picture that the vast majority of those admitted do fit the profile of those most vulnerable: children and the elderly, together make up two thirds of the group.
目前，美国声明将在未来两年接收18.5万名难民。包括来自世界各地的难民，所以他们接收的叙利亚难民的有效数量要少得多。自战争爆发以来，美国只接收了大约1800名难民。然而，奥巴马政府确实声明他们准备在2016年接收额外的1万名难民。在其中已被收容的人中，一半的难民是儿童。只有2%的人是适合年龄参加战斗的单身男性。现在，这并不是说恐怖分子只是特定年龄段的人。但是，如果要绘制出难民的年龄段的图表，被接收的难民大部分都是弱势的老人和儿童，大约占难民群体总数的三分之二。
But before they set foot on the US, asylum seekers must go through a lengthy and detailed process. Syrian refugees must first file with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, which then hands applications off to the Department of Homeland Security in the US. Then the department works with multiple law enforcement agencies which all together conduct multiple screenings, in-person interviews abroad, and collect data on the person’s history, employment, reasons for leaving, and more. Many argue the process is robust.
但是在他们踏上美国国土之前，寻求收容者必须经过一个漫长繁琐的过程。叙利亚难民必须向联合国难民事务高级专员申诉，后者向美国国土安全局递交申请。国土安全局与不同的执法部门一起进行多方面审查，海外亲自面签，收集此人过去的历史，雇佣情况，出境原因以及其他。许多人辩称该过程非常健全。
Though others have concerns. FBI Director James Comey states, “My concern there is that there are certain gaps...in the data available to us. We can only query against that which we have collected. And so if someone has never made a ripple in the pond in Syria...nothing [will] show up because we have no record of them.” The collection of information is further complicated because the US does not have a permanent diplomatic presence in Syria and Syria’s departments cannot be relied on for information. This may help explain why the US takes additional security measures with Syrian refugees.
然而其他人则有一些忧虑。联邦调查局局长詹姆斯·科米说，“我担忧的是，我们收集到的数据存在一些空白。我们只能质疑我们收集到的数据。如果某人从未在叙利亚掀起什么波澜，那我们就没有他的任何信息，因为我们没有关于他的记录。”由于美国在叙利亚没有永久性的外交部门，叙利亚相关部门在信息收集方面并不可靠，导致收集信息更加困难。这或许解释了为何美国需要对叙利亚难民采取额外的安全措施。
This vetting process takes about two years and it can take up to three years after submitting an application before a refugee steps foot on US soil. Which is why some argue that pretending to be an asylum seeker would not be an efficient tactic for terrorists.Thus, some see the vocal opposition from politicians as less about security concerns and more about pandering to a political constituency, as The Washington Post columnist Chris Cillizza suggested. Most governors wishing to halt asylum belong to the Republican Party. Yet others intimate that the response is emotional - not strategic. As one governor put it, “This is very much about the fact that 9/11 is too close in our memory.” But, aside from its government representatives, the American people as a whole will ultimately form the communities that refugees will become a part of. It is they who will be left to grapple with relying more heavily on memories of tragedy or memories of the country’s immigrant roots when greeting these newcomers. One country that is taking in refugees and newcomers with open arms, is Germany.
该审批程序可能需要两年的时间，递交申请后需要三年的时间，难民可能才能踏上美国国土。所以有些人辩称假装寻求收容者对恐怖分子来说并不是有效的战略。因此，一些人看到政客们直言不讳的反对，称这不是关于安全忧患的问题，而是煽动政治选区的举动，就像华盛顿邮报专栏作家Chris Cillizza的说法。大部分希望停止收容的州长属于共和党。然而其他人则暗示，他们的反应过于情绪化，而不是战略性的。就像一位州长说的，“主要是因为我们记忆中的9.11恐怖袭击犹如昨日。”但是，除了政府代表之外，难民最终会成为美国社区的一部分。他们与新来的人打招呼时会更依赖灾难的记忆和国家移民根源的记忆。其中一个积极收容难民的国家是德国。
CCTV9:中国承诺绿色发展改善环境
China promises 'green development'
中国承诺绿色发展改善环境
China is the world's largest emitter of carbon pollution. But Beijing has worked to improve environmental management and reduce emissions in recent years.
China has pledged to embrace a "green development" model over the next five years, increasing the share of non-fossil fuels in the country's energy portfolio. The plan is to lean on wind, solar, biomass, water and geothermal energy. Beijing also says it will find cleaner ways of burning fossil fuels like coal.
China is already the global leader in clean energy investment. According to a newly released government report, the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption reached 11.2 percent in 2014. That's an increase of 1.4 percent from 2013. China has the biggest solar photovoltaic cell capacity and the largest wind power market. The amount of water power stations in China account for a quarter of the world's. The rapid development of clean energy has helped China's carbon emissions per unit GDP decline.
"From 2005 to 2014, China's energy consumption per unit GDP dropped 29.9 percent, and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP fell 33.8 percent. During this period, the numbers of developed countries only went down about 15 percent, and the world average level did not change much. So it should be said that China has made great achievement in cutting carbon emissions, especially in cutting the emissions per unit of GDP," He Jiankun, deputy director of National Experts Committee on Climate Change, said.
CCTV9视频:国际社会努力应对气候变化问题
International efforts to address climate change
国际社会努力应对气候变化问题
The international community has been making some efforts to deal with the climate change phenomenon for the past few decades.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted during the 1992 Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro.
The objective of the treaty was to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".
Though considered legally non-binding, the Convention became the first international treaty on climate change.
It notes that Parties should act on the basis of "common but differentiated responsibilities".
The 1997 Kyoto Protocol came into force in 2005. There are currently 196 Parties involved.
Its first commitment period began in 2008 and ended in 2012, where industrialized countries need to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from their 1990 levels.
The main feature of the Protocol is that it established legally-binding commitments to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
In 2007, the UN Climate Change Conference was held in Indonesia, and it focused on the further reduction of greenhouse gases after the initial Kyoto Protocol agreement.
So the Bali Road Map was adopted -- then as a two-year process -- ahead of a binding agreement in Copenhagen in 2009.
The Copenhagen Accord was drafted, saying actions should be taken to keep temperature increases below two degrees Celsius.
However, it did not pass unanimously, so the document does not contain any legally-binding commitments for reducing CO2 emissions.
In 2011, the Durban Platform was reached in South Africa after a 60-hour marathon negotiation session.
The agreement is notable in that, for the first time, it included developing countries such as China and India, as well as the US which refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol.
Onto Doha then in 2012, and an agreement was reached to extend the life of the Kyoto Protocol until 2020, and to strengthen the 2011 Durban Platform.
During last year's conference in Lima, the EU said it would aim for a legally-binding 40% drop in emissions by 2030, against carbon output in 1990 as a baseline. While China eyed a carbon emission peak for around 2030, whilst agreeing to control its CO2 emissions from energy at approximately 10 billion tons in 2030, with per capita emissions at seven tons.
